Case study On rubberized engineered cementitious composites (R-ECC): A review of the constituent material Amin Al-Fakih*, Bashar S. Mohammed*, M.S. Liew Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Tronoh, 32610, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia A R T I C L E I N F O Article history: Received 5 February 2021 Received in revised form 13 March 2021 Accepted 17 March 2021 Keywords: Engineered cementitious composites (ECC) Rubberized ECC Crumb rubber Fly ash Nano-Silica PVA fiber Graphene oxide A B S T R A C T Researchers have used crumb rubber in the manufacturing of engineered cementitious composites (ECC) as a solution for spalling, however, it reduces the mechanical and physical properties. Therefore, this research reviews the available and related literature reviews on rubberized ECC and its constituent. The role of each constituent in a rubberized ECC mix is also reviewed. It’s concluded that utilizing rubberized ECC helps to solve environmental issues relating to improper disposal of tyres. As a result, fly ash has been the most common substance utilized in rubberized ECC by scholars all over the world over the past years because of its encouraging impacts on rheology, matrix toughness control, and interactive effect between fiber and matrix. It’s also found that the rectification of the crumb rubber drawbacks in ECC is by incorporating a modern method of adopting nano-silica, Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers, graphene oxide into the rubberized ECC mixes. Therefore, rubberized ECC can be utilized for civil engineering applications, especially with the inclusion of nano- silica and graphene oxide, as a result of its high ductility and low permeability. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 1. Introduction ECC is a high-performance cementitious composite that develops based on micromechanics or fracture principle. It is mainly composed of cement, fine aggregates, water, high water-reducing agent, and fibres [1]. ECC is a self-compacting concrete which can be compacted on its own into every corner of the formwork through its self-weight without the use of vibrator and it is a highly workable [2]. The ingredients of ECC are cement, fine aggregate, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), fly ash, and super plasticizer [2], are wisely selected to succeed an optimal mixture and differs from the components of high- performance self-compacting concrete which are cement, fly ash, silica fume, sand, steel fiber, and quartz sand [3]. ECC is developed with the main aim of achieving ductile, high strained, and multiple cracking behaviour cement composites in order to achieve improved sustainability, durability, and improved performance. The efficiency of the ECC has been roughly reported to be 3–5 percent greater than the strength of standard concrete in terms of tensile strength [4]. Research findings have revealed that rubberized ECC has 25–95 MPa compressive strength, 4–12 MPa tensile strength, and a 0.40.65 percent compressive strain [5]. Despite the advantages of the ECC, its main drawback is the explosive spalling when it has been subjected to rapid elevated temperature during fire [6]. Under a fire situation, the entrapped water and chemically bound water within the highly densified and disconnected pore system starts to evaporate, and the vapour produced will not find its way out of the sample [7]. The entrapped water and chemically bound water within the highly densified and disconnected * Corresponding authors. E-mail addresses: amin.ali_g03663@utp.edu.my (A. Al-Fakih), bashar.mohammed@utp.edu.my (B.S. Mohammed). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00536 2214-5095/© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). Case Studies in Construction Materials 14 (2021) e00536 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Case Studies in Construction Materials journa l homepage: www.e lsevier.com/locate/cscm