Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Urban Climate journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/uclim Awareness-development in the context of climate change resilience M. Iturriza ⁎ , L. Labaka, M. Ormazabal, M. Borges Universidad de Navarra, TECNUN Escuela de Ingenieros, Spain ARTICLE INFO Keywords: Climate change Urban systems Awareness mechanisms Awareness-development process ABSTRACT Existing resilience-building plans and strategies for addressing climate change in urban areas are not as effective as they were intended to be due to city stakeholders' fragmented efforts and adopted passive behaviour. Developing awareness about climate change have proven to be key in the climate change resilience-building process, as it encourages partnership and a transformation in behaviour. This paper presents a framework for developing city stakeholders' awareness in urban areas. The conducted triangulation approach composed by a systematic literature review, semi-structured interviews and a case study results with the framework that defines the ideal process for developing awareness in urban areas. The resulting framework encapsulates three main elements: awareness-development mechanisms (experience, attention and knowledge), awareness-development over time graphs and a learning ladder. The three mechanisms explain the behaviour of the awareness-development process, the awareness-development over time graphs illustrate the evolution of the mechanisms and their effect over time, and the learning ladder specifies the gradual process of developing awareness. After presenting the ideal path for developing awareness, we further discuss the contribution of the conducted triangulation ap- proach to the framework. 1. Introduction Most of the world's population now lives in cities, and it is forecasted that 60% of the population will live in urban areas by 2030 (UNISDR, 2015). Urban areas are understood as complex systems defined as the interaction between citizens, infrastructures, businesses, and industry (Zhang and Li, 2018). The risks faced by urban areas are increasing due to the growing number of people living in cities, the complexity of city systems and the uncertainty associated with contemporary hazards. For instance, climate change (CC) is a complex challenge that requires managing uncertainty and preparing not only for known climatic events but also for unknown climatic scenarios (IPCC, 2018). In the last decade, the effects of CC have increased in urban areas, causing a higher frequency of heatwaves, an increase in sea levels, more intense rainstorms and more frequent droughts (UNISDR, 2012). These and other recent effects have made the urban areas more aware of the vulnerabilities created by CC and the necessity of acting and facing the challenge posed by CC, a shift that has been reflected in the increased number of studies, plans and strategies regarding building cities' resilience of CC. City resilience focuses on developing transversal prevention, preparedness, response and recovery capacities of cities to face both predictable and unpredictable CC events (Boin and McConnell, 2007; Abdrabo and Hassaan, 2015). However, even if plans have boosted new synergies and partnerships, they have failed to transform cities' passive behaviour towards CC into proactive behaviour due to providing too abstract information far from daily activity (Scannell and Gifford, 2013; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2020.100613 Received 21 February 2019; Received in revised form 12 February 2020; Accepted 4 March 2020 ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: miturriza@tecnun.es (M. Iturriza), llabaka@tecnun.es (L. Labaka), mborges@tecnun.es (M. Ormazabal), mormazabal@tecnun.es (M. Borges). Urban Climate 32 (2020) 100613 2212-0955/ © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. T