Research Article
Liver Governs Tendon: A Theory from Traditional Chinese
Medicine—Evidence from a Population-Based Matched Cohort
Study in Taiwan for the Association of Chronic Liver Disease
and Common Diseases in the Chiropractic Office
Chia-Man Ma,
1
Lih-Hwa Lin,
2,3
Yung-Hsiang Chen,
3,4,5
Huey-Yi Chen,
3,4
Jen-Huai Chiang,
3,4
and Wen-Chi Chen
3,4
1
Department of Dermatology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan
2
Division of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University-An Nan Hospital, Tainan 709, Taiwan
3
Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine,
Research Center for Chinese Medicine & Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
4
Departments of Medical Research, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Urology, Management Ofce for Health Data,
China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
5
Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
Correspondence should be addressed to Wen-Chi Chen; wgchen@mail.cmu.edu.tw
Received 13 January 2016; Revised 26 April 2016; Accepted 2 June 2016
Academic Editor: Yuewen Gong
Copyright © 2016 Chia-Man Ma et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory, the liver governs the tendons. Tis retrospective cohort study investigated the
relationship between chronic liver disease and common orthopedic conditions by utilizing the National Health Insurance Research
Database of Taiwan. Te populations included within this study were chronic liver disease patients (International Classifcation of
Diseases/ICD-9 code: 571) and a comparison group composed of patients with nonchronic liver disease. Te medical event that was
evaluated was internal derangement of joints (ICD-9 codes: 717-718). In comparison with the control group, patients with chronic
liver disease were 1.29 times more likely to develop internal derangement of joints when major trauma had also occurred. We did
not fnd the association of viral hepatitis with internal derangement of joints. Patients with chronic liver disease as well as anemia
were 3.01 times more likely to develop joint derangements. Our study shows that patients with anemia in addition to chronic liver
disease are more prone to develop joint derangements. Tis is the frst documented research study that endorses “the liver governs
the tendons which gives the body the ability to move” theory of TCM. Te incidence rate of internal derangement of knee joints
was higher in patients with chronic liver disease.
1. Introduction
Chronic liver disease is a common disease in Taiwan, and
according to an ofcial report from the Taiwanese gov-
ernment in 2011, hepatoma afected 25/100,000 men and
10/100,000 women [1–3]. Te incidence of hepatitis type B
virus in Taiwan was 13.18%. In 2009, the incidence of hepatitis
type B was 15.85% in men and 11.06% in women. Tere is
a signifcant relationship between hepatitis and hepatomas
in Taiwan. Te World Health Organization estimates that
240 million people, about 3.7% of the world’s population,
are infected with chronic hepatitis B [4, 5], which means
that chronic hepatitis B infection is also a major global
health problem [6, 7]. Hepatitis C virus (HCV), the major
cause of chronic liver disease and liver transplantation, has
a global prevalence of 3%, with 170 million people infected
worldwide [8]. However, the relationship between chronic
liver disease and chiropractic disease is unknown and is not
well documented.
A basic concept of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)
states that there are fve important endoorgans that govern
other organs or tissues, and these fve organs are the liver,
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2016, Article ID 7210705, 8 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7210705