Asia-Pacifc Social Science Review 18(1) 2018, pp. 111–126
Copyright © 2018 by De La Salle University
The Development of the Filipino Coping
Strategies Scale
John Robert C. Rilveria
University of the Philippines–Diliman
Contact: jcrilveria@up.edu.ph
Abstract: The development of the Filipino Coping Strategies scale was based on the qualitative data on the resilience of
Filipinos and the ways by which they cope with stressful life experiences and the quantitative data on foreign measures of
coping. Integration of both data led to the formulation of nine coping strategies: cognitive reappraisal (pagsusuri), social
support (paghingi ng tulong), problem-solving (pagtugon), religiosity (pagkarelihiyoso), tolerance (pagtitiis), emotional release
(paglabas ng saloobin), overactivity (pagmamalabis), relaxation/recreation (paglilibang), and substance use (pagbibisyo).
Initially, the scale was composed of 45 items with fve items under each domain. This was pilot tested to 627 male and female
Filipinos aged 18 above. Reliability analysis revealed items that are internally consistent with each other resulting in the
reduction of items to 37. Furthermore, construct validity was established via a) factor analysis through principal components
analysis extraction method and varimax rotation method and b) test for convergent validity by correlating each domain of
the Filipino Coping Strategies scale with the corresponding domains of Ways of Coping by Folkman and Lazarus and the
COPE Inventory by Carver, Scheier, and Weintraub. Independent samples t-test revealed signifcant differences among
males and females in each coping strategy which served as the basis for norm groups. The Filipino Coping Strategies scale
is a four-point Likert scale which aims to measure the coping strategies of Filipinos towards stress and generates a coping
dispositional profle which can be used to aid in the assessment of coping behaviors.
Keywords: coping strategies, reliability analysis, construct validity, factor analysis, coping dispositional profle
People experience stress throughout their lifespan.
At home, in school, at work, or in any situation
when dealing with people and with life in general,
everyone has an everyday stressful encounter. Such
experiences of stress can be physical or mental ranging
from mundane to life-threatening effects on the body
(immune-related diseases) and the mind (mental
disorders). It is only through the process of “coping”
that people can overcome the stress and prevent it from
becoming worse. Different coping strategies are used;
some are preferred because these are what worked for
them. These preferred coping strategies vary from one
cultural group to another. Up to this date, there are still
ongoing researches exploring and identifying ways of
coping in different specifc cultural settings.
In the Philippine context, Filipinos keep on
receiving compliments about how resilient they are
because they are all able to cope with very stressful
situations such as calamity and poverty (Tan, 2006).
The country was even ranked as the 20
th
happiest
RESEARCH ARTICLE