3D Printing and Anaesthesia Education “The application of Three-Dimensional (3D) printing technology for Anaesthesia: A Narrative Review” Authors Ian Chao 1,3 , Jeremy Young 2 , Jasamine Coles-Black 6,7 , Laurence Weinberg 3 , Clive Rachbuch 1 , Jason Chuen 4,5,6 1 Department of Anaesthesia, Box Hill Hospital, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia. 2 Department of Anaesthesia and Acute Pain Medicine, St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. 3 Department of Anaesthesia, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia 4 Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia. 5 Department of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia 6 3D Medical Printing Laboratory, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia 7 Research Platforms, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia Correspondence to: Dr Ian Chao (ian.chao@austin.org.au) Short Title: 3D Printing and Anaesthesia Education Keywords: upper airway anatomy, L-spine: radiologic anatomy, Spinal anaesthetics: anatomy SUMMARY 3-Dimensional (3D) printing has in recent times rapidly become an easily accessible, innovative, and versatile technology with a vast range of applications across wide ranging industries. There has been a recent emergence in literature relating to its application across a multitude of fields within Medicine and Surgery, especially as the technology becomes more accessible to clinicians. However specific to Anaesthesia, this has yet to be formally explored. We therefore wish to briefly introduce this technology to the reader by discussing the background of the development of 3D printing technology and its application in other fields of medicine, identify what we see as a current paucity of literature specific to 3D printing and Anaesthesia, and pose the potential untapped possibilities of 3D printing specific to Anaesthesia and anaesthetic education.