https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800417729847
Qualitative Inquiry
1–10
© The Author(s) 2017
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DOI: 10.1177/1077800417729847
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Article
It’s tempting to say that this article will illustrate the adage
“There are many different ways to skin a cat”—but what an
unappealing metaphor! Instead, we have been guided by the
structure and ethos of Wallace Stevens’ poem “Thirteen
Ways of Looking at a Blackbird” (Stevens, 1954, pp. 92-94),
which employs a range of perspectives to shift readers
toward a deeper, more complex understanding of what they
are “really” seeing. Our aim is neither to present a single,
definitive set of research findings nor to argue for the pri-
macy of any one methodology. In the spirit of Stevens and
his poetic precursor Emily Dickinson (“Tell all the truth but
tell it slant—/Success in Circuit lies”; Dickinson, 1961,
p. 506), we have experimented with a multiplicity of
approaches to find out what they might teach us—not only
about the data itself but also about our own positionality as
researchers and writers.
We began with a foot-high stack of anonymous question-
naires that had been collected by Helen, the first author,
over a 5-year period spanning 2011 through 2015. The
questionnaires had been coded for keywords and themes by
Louisa, her longtime research assistant, and subjected to
some very basic qualitative and quantitative analysis.
However, the findings of that analysis are mentioned only
briefly in the book that Helen published as a result of the
study, which focuses mainly on her interviews with one
hundred “successful academic writers” (Sword, 2017).
Sensing a missed opportunity, Helen invited her colleagues
Marion, Alistair, and Evija to examine the questionnaires,
each from a different scholarly perspective; she also asked
Louisa to write a personal reflection on her experience of
coding the data, and she revisited the questionnaires herself,
focusing on the respondents’ use of metaphor.
Whereas Louisa and Helen were already deeply familiar
with the questionnaires and the information they contained,
Marion, Alistair, and Evija came to the project with very
little previous knowledge of Helen’s research and thus no
particular preconceptions about what they might discover
there. Each coauthor chose a particular critical lens through
which to view the questionnaires: Louisa, a literary scholar
and technical writer with a master’s degree in English,
brought a postmodern perspective to her discussion of the
methodologically rigorous yet ontologically slippery task of
coding; Marion, a trained biologist skilled in quantitative
data analysis, brought a scientist’s love of numbers; Alistair,
an empiricist historian of science, brought his background
as an archival scholar who treats textual sources as material
culture; Evija, a former journalist with a PhD in writing
studies, brought her interest in the hidden dynamics and
emotional nuances of the writing process; and Helen, a lit-
erary scholar and expert on academic writing and research
productivity, adopted a poet’s gaze.
In choosing to analyze a single data set from multiple
perspectives, we join a long line of scholars who have con-
tributed to the theory and practice of nontraditional or dis-
ruptive research methodologies: for example, Feyerabend
(1993) on method, Law (2004) on mess, Knowles and Cole
729847QIX XX X 10.1177/1077800417729847Qualitative InquirySword et al.
research-article 2017
1
The University of Auckland, New Zealand
Corresponding Author:
Helen Sword, Professor, Centre for Learning and Research in Higher
Education (CLeaR), Faculty of Education and Social Work, The
University of Auckland, 18 Waterloo Quadrant, Private Bag 92019,
Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
Email: h.sword@auckland.ac.nz
Seven Ways of Looking at a Data Set
Helen Sword
1
, Marion Blumenstein
1
, Alistair Kwan
1
,
Louisa Shen
1
, and Evija Trofimova
1
Abstract
A literary theorist, a biologist, an historian, a writing studies scholar, and a poet walk into a wine bar. The poet says, “I’ve
got a stack of 1,223 handwritten questionnaire responses here in my bag; would you like to have a look?” The others reply,
“Sure. Let’s see what we can learn here.” Descending from their respective disciplinary perches, they all gather around a
table and start sifting through the questionnaires, which chronicle the writing background, habits, and emotions of PhD
students and faculty in 15 countries. In this single corpus of data, each researcher sees something different, and from the
other researchers’ responses, each learns new ways of seeing. What counts as an appropriate data analysis? What, for that
matter, counts as data? We invite you to grab a drink and join our conversation.
Keywords
academic writing, emotion, data coding, metaphor, alternative methodological approaches