The Personality Assessment Inventory-Antisocial Features (Psychopathy) Scale: Model Fit and Convergent and Discriminant Validity Kimberly M. Sokolowski 1 & Blair D. Batky 1 & Jaime L. Anderson 2 & Andrea L. Glenn 1 & Randall T. Salekin 1 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020 Abstract The present study examined the factor structure of the Personality Assessment Inventory Antisocial Features scale (PAI-ANT) in a non-forensic sample of 1257 undergraduate students. One to four-factor models were tested using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), with a four-factor solution exhibiting the best fitting model (Bentler 1995). Next examined was the convergent and discriminant validity of the PAI-ANT. Results indicated that the PAI-ANT four-factor model was significantly related to measures of general personality, pride, impulsivity, and attachment. Comparisons between the original three-factor model (as proposed by Morey 2007) and our derived four-factor model showed that both models generally had the expected pattern of relations for their respective factors although mixed findings were found for the sensation seeking and risk-taking scales. Findings for these scales indicated that individuals could crave excitement and also have some positive characteristics. The current findings suggest that the four-factor model of the PAI is the best way to interpret the PAI psychopathy scale, but that some caution is needed in interpreting the sensation seeking and risk-taking scales. Keywords Psychopathy . Community . PAI . Factor analysis . Antisocial The PAI Antisocial features scale was one of the first modern conceptualizations of psychopathy to be placed within a multi-scale inventory (PAI-ANT; Morey 2007). Over the past two decades, studies have shown that the PAI has strong psy- chometric properties and clinical utility (Morey 1991, 2007). The PAI manual states that the PAI-Antisocial scale (PAI- ANT) is designed for use in both clinical and forensic settings and is based on the psychopathy models outlined by Cleckley (1941), Hare (1991), and Robins (1966) that are reflected in its three subscales titled Egocentricity, Stimulus Seeking, and Antisocial Behavior. To date, several studies have investigated whether the PAI- ANT is valuable for assessing psychopathy in forensic popula- tions (see Caperton et al. 2004; Douglas et al. 2007; Edens et al. 2000; Kucharski et al. 2008; Salekin 2008; Salekin et al. 1997) as well as whether it can predict a variety of external variables including incident reports (Edens et al. 2000; Walters 2007a; Walters 2007b), recidivism (Boccaccini et al. 2010; Salekin et al. 1998; Walters and Duncan 2005), institutional misconduct (see Buffington-Vollum et al. 2002; Caperton et al. 2004; Hopwood et al. 2008; Skopp et al. 2007), and suicidal ideation (Douglas et al. 2008). Meta-analytic data has also revealed that the PAI-ANT scale is consistently a small to medium predictor of misconduct (Gardner et al. 2015). Assessing psychopathy in forensic samples is particularly valuable since psychopathy and criminal behavior appear to be closely intertwined (DeLisi 2016; Leistico et al., 2008). In particular, DeLisi (2016) posits that criminal behavior directly stems from the problematic traits observed in psychopathy, such as narcissism, callousness, and poor self-regulation. Despite some validity data amassing for the PAI-ANT in forensic samples, there is little information on the scale’ s util- ity in community settings (Salekin et al. 2001; see also Benning et al. 2005). One prior study using the undergraduate sample employed in the present study used IRT to demon- strate that the PAI-ANT items are generally informative in assessing psychopathy (Tsang et al. 2018). The relative ab- sence of research on the PAI-ANT in non-forensic samples Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-020-09784-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Randall T. Salekin rsalekin@ua.edu 1 Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Box 870348, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA 2 Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-020-09784-w