Latest advances in zwitterionic structures modified dialysis membranes A. Mollahosseini a , A. Abdelrasoul a, b, * , A. Shoker c, d a Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A9, Canada b Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A9, Canada c Nephrology Division, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada d Saskatchewan Transplant Program, St. Paul’s Hospital, 1702 20th Street West Saskatoon Saskatchewan, S7M 0Z9, Canada article info Article history: Received 10 September 2019 Received in revised form 5 November 2019 Accepted 8 November 2019 Keywords: Hemodialysis Blood Hemocompatibility Zwitterionization Interactions Activations Surface modification abstract End-stage renal diseases are affecting many patients and as a result, demand to receive dialysis service is growing annually. Morbidity and mortality rates are reported to be higher in comparison with healthy humans. The reason is reported to be the hemoincompatiblity of blood purification membranes, which hinders patients’ lives. Activation of different immune systems in the body, in case of blood-membrane interaction, results in several side effects, of which cardiovascular shocks have been mentioned to be a major one. Efforts to solve this issue have resulted in different generations of dialysis membranes. Zwitterionic immobilized membranes are the latest (third) generation, which owns a higher degree of hemocompatiblity with more stability of immobilized structures. This critical review intends to cover recent efforts conducted over the zwitterionization of polymeric membrane surfaces with the goal of improving hemocompatibility. Different aspects of third-generation membranes are discussed for a better understanding of the current gap and gathering the knowledge to further develop the field. Accordingly, this critical survey provides an in-depth understanding of blood purification membranes zwitterionization for paving the way for the optimum enhancement of hemodialysis membrane hemocompatibility. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction End-stage renal diseases (ESRD) patients receive blood purifi- cation dialysis services due to the low chance of kidney transplant as the main and best therapy. On an annual basis, more than one million patients receive dialysis services all around the world [1]. Yet the mortality rate in renal replacement therapy (RRT) still re- mains over 20% [2]. On the other hand, the expenses for each pa- tient is significantly high in comparison with other illnesses. As an instance, U.S. hemodialysis services are annually spending more Abbreviations: Zwitterionic material, ZW; Sulfobetaine methacrylate, SBMA; Watercontact angle, WCA; Polystyrene, pr; Polyvinlypyrolidone, PVP; Glycidyl methacrylate, GMA; Polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA; Ethylenediamine, EDA; Sodium polystyrene sulfonate, SSNa; Ammonium persulfate, APS; 2- Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, HEMA; (3-carboxypropylbetaine-propyl)-trimethoxysilane, CPPT; (3-sulfopropylbetaine-propyl)-trimethoxysilane, SPPT; (3-sulfobutylbetaine- propyl)-trimethoxysilane, SBMT; N,N-Dimethyl-N-(p-vinylbenzyl)-N-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium, DMSVA; rat bone marrow-derived stromal cells, rMSCs; platelet-poor plasma, PPP; N,N-dimethyl-N-methacryloxyethyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium, DMMSA; Ceric ammonium nitrate, CAN; 2-dimethylaminopryridine, DAMP; tetrahydro- furan, THF; Triethylamine, TEA; N,N dimethyl- N-(p-vinylbenzyl)-N-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium, PDMVSA; random radical polymerization, RRP; human serum albumin, HSA; Scanning electron microscopy, SEM; (MPC)-co-n-butyl methacrylate), BMA; 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine, MPC; butyl methacrylate, BMA; N,N-diethyl-N- propargyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium, DEPAS; sodium methacrylate, MAANa; N,N’ -Methylenebisacrylamide, MBA; tri-layer polyelectrolyte, TLP; poly(acrylic acid)-g- azide, PAA-g-AZ; Acrylic acid, AA; Poly (lactic acid), PLA; N,N 0 -methylene bisacrylamide, MBAA; Hexamethylenediisocyanate, HDI; 4-vinylpyrrolydene-r-octadecyl acrylate, zP(4VP-r-ODA); [3-(methacryloylamino)propyl]- dimethyl(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium hydroxide, MPDSAH; [3-(methacryloylamino)propyl]dimethyl(3-sulfopropyl)ammo- nium hydroxide inner salt, SBAA; cellulose triacetate, CTA; Poly (methyl methacrylate), PMMA; ethylene vinyl alcohol, EVAL; hazard ratio, HR; activated partial thrombo- plastin time, APTT; Thrombin time, TT; Prothrombin time, PT; Thrombin-antithrombin III complex, TAT; Platelet factor 4, PF4; Polymorphonuclear elastase, PMN; Tissue factor, TF; Adenosine diphosphate, ADP; b-thromboglobulin, b-TG; Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, GP IIb/IIIa; Membrane attack complex, MAC; Thromboxane A2, TXA2; Von Willebrand factor, vWF; Flux recovery ratio, FRR; Total resistance, R t ; Irreversible resistance, R ir ; Reversible resistance, R r ; Water contact angle, WCA; partial thromboplastin time, APTT; Thrombin time, TT; Prothrombin time, PT; thrombin-antithrombin III, TAT; platelet factor 4, PF4; phosphate buffer saline solution, PBS. * Corresponding author. E-mail address: amira.abdelrasoul@usask.ca (A. Abdelrasoul). Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Materials Today Chemistry journal homepage: www.journals.elsevier.com/materials-today-chemistry/ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtchem.2019.100227 2468-5194/© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Materials Today Chemistry 15 (2020) 100227