Research Article Antidiarrheal and Antibacterial Activities of Calpurnia aurea: Benth Seed Different Extracts Achenef Bogale , 1 Haile Alemayehu, 2 Teshome Nedi, 3 and Ephrem Engidawork 3 1 Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabore University, P.O. Box 272, Debre Tabore, Ethiopia 2 Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 3 Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Correspondence should be addressed to Achenef Bogale; kassiebogale@gmail.com Received 15 June 2022; Revised 16 August 2022; Accepted 23 August 2022; Published 31 August 2022 Academic Editor: Olufunmiso Olusola Olajuyigbe Copyright © 2022 Achenef Bogale et al. is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Background. Calpurnia aurea is believed to have antidiarrheal potential but with limited scientific evidence. is study aimed investigating antidiarrheal and antibacterial activity of aqueous and 80% methanol seed extracts of the plant in mice and selected diarrhea-causing bacterial strains, respectively. Methods. Castor oil-induced diarrhea, prostaglandin-induced enteropooling, and castor oil-induced charcoal meal test models in mice of either sex using three dose levels (60, 120, and 240 mg/kg) were applied to evaluate antidiarrheal activity. Parameters, including onset, number, wet stool weight, weight and volume of secretion, and intestinal motility, were taken into consideration. e antibacterial activity was assessed on Shigella soni, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using disk diffusion and microdilution techniques. Results. Compared to controls, pretreatment of mice at the graded dose (60, 120, and 240 mg/kg) resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) drop in frequency of wet stools and watery content of diarrhea as well as in delaying onset of diarrhea. Both extracts exhibited inhibition of diarrhea in a dose-dependent manner in all models used. e extracts also showed significant (p < 0.05) reduction in intestinal motility in castor oil-induced models. Both extracts showed a marginal activity against the selected bacterial strains; a better effect was seen with 80% methanol seed extract. Conclusion. Both extracts of the plant have beneficial effect in controlling diarrhea. is finding supports the use of the plant as a traditional antidiarrheal remedy. 1. Background All through human history, diarrheal diseases have been a major health problem. In the past, it was often deadly and threatening large populations [1]. Even though possible to treat and prevent, diarrhea still continued to take the lives of under five children worldwide, and it is the second leading cause of mortality for this age group next to respiratory infections. Children killed by diarrhea are even more than those killed by AIDS, malaria, measles, injuries, and all other postneonatal conditions combined [2]. Today, despite the successful interventions such as oral and intravenous re- hydration therapy, diarrheal diseases remain one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. In Africa, including Ethiopia, each child on average suffers from five episodes of diarrhea per year [3]. Even though global child mortality rate decline to 37 per thousand births from 1990 to 2020, Africa’s child mortality rate remains not less than 74 per thousand births during this period [4]. Natural products have a unique chemical diversity, which enable them to have a varied biological activities and drug-like properties [5]. Across the globe, there are various herbal plants that possess antidiarrheal activity. Several bioactive compounds such as tannins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, and terpenoids could be take the credit. [5, 6]. Calpurnia aurea is a flowering plant within the family of Fabaceae. e genus embraces shrubs or small trees in or along the margin of forests in many parts of Ethiopia [7]. It is Hindawi Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2022, Article ID 9582687, 12 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9582687