3220 Microsc. Microanal. 28 (Suppl 1), 2022
doi:10.1017/S1431927622011989 © Microscopy Society of America 2022
Teaching Histology During Covid-19 Restrictions
F. Denaro
1
*, S. G. Nyaga
1*
, M. Worthington
1
, S. Williams
1
, T. Reaves
1
, A. Akingbade
1
, A. Allen
1
, A.
Talind
1
, D. Ajaynae
1
, C. Jones
1
, D. Manning
1
, J. Moore
1
, O. Justice
1
and S. Stone
1
1.
Department Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
* Corresponding author: frank.denaro@morgan.edu
Laboratory settings, particularly when using microscopes, can be quite confining. As a result, it may be
difficult to maintain the six feet distance recommended by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) for
preventing/controlling Covid-19 pandemic [1]. In addition, the importance of other safety guidelines
such as: hand washing, avoiding touching the eyes, etc., become issues which should be observed
strictly during microscopic analyses of samples [1]. These problems may well be amplified in the close
confines of the laboratory. Histology classes, like other laboratory situations requires due diligence
regarding Covid-19 Safety Protocols and health safety guidelines in general. This can in certain
circumstances present a challenge to histology instruction. Fortunately, now there are many excellent
histological atlas websites. These digital formats can help with learning the cytology and morphology of
the cells. They are sufficiently diverse such that students can see the same cell in many magnifications
and in the context of different types of stains. Another important goal is that students gain experience
with the microscope. However, sending microscopes home with the students during restrictions imposed
by the Covid-19 pandemic is an expensive undertaking. Last year, we mailed out Foldscopes to all class
members to make microscopic observation from samples found in the student’s home environment. This
year we extended that approach to histological studies. The Foldscopes are an inexpensive monocular
microscope [2]. They are capable of 120X magnification and thus can be used to observe the cell and
histological relationships of cells [2-4]. This year we sent histological slide sets in addition to the
Foldscopes. The first objective was to observe and obtain microscopic documentation of a given cell or
tissue type with the Foldscope. Then the students were asked to check their observation against online
Histological Atlas images. This activity enabled the students to test their observational and creativity
skills. All of them were able to identify and document the given cell types but some needed some extra
help by way of critique from their peers. The following tissues were observed: epithelial, connective,
adipose, cartilage, bone, nervous tissue, muscle, blood, organs of the immune system, organs of the
digestive tract, lungs, skin, and retina. Once images were obtained, they were presented in the online
discussion groups. The images were critiqued for quality, including: the correct cell types, post image
processing and artifacts. Staining and processing artifacts were identified and explained. The optical
artifacts discussed were spherical and chromatic aberration. After the critique, students were then
allowed to reimage their slides and improve both the image and identify the right cell type where
necessary. This was achieved with feedback from the peers, faculty, and referral to online Histological
Atlases. Next, the students were shown how to minimize chromatic aberration, and spherical aberration
in the images. Size measurements with latex Nano spheres was also part of the learning activities. These
size standards give an idea of the magnification capacity of the Foldscope. They were also a
comparative way to determine the size of the specimens observed. Ergonometric issues were also
considered. Overall, this learning approach was well received by the students involved with majority
reporting having enjoyed the activity anecdotally. The activity strongly contributed to student interaction
at multiple levels and provided experiential learning during Covid-19 pandemic. This was a much
needed and effective online learning format necessitated by the Covid-19 pandemic. In addition to
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927622011989 Published online by Cambridge University Press