RODR ´ IGUEZ: IAD IN FRAGMENTED CITIES 241 References Alcock, P. (1997) Understanding Poverty . London: Macmillan. Baeten, G. (2001) ‘Clich´ es of urban doom. The dystopian politics of metaphors for the unequal city: a view from Brussels’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 25, pp. 55–69. Baeten, G. (2002) ‘Hypochondriac geographies of the city and the new urban dystopia: coming to terms with the other city’, City 6(1), pp. 103–115. Bauder, H. (2002) ‘Neighbourhood effects and social exclusion’, Urban Studies 39, pp. 85–94. Byrne, D. (1999) Social Exclusion. Buckingham: Open University Press. Fainstein, N. (1996) ‘A note on interpreting American poverty’, in E. Mingione (ed.) Urban Poverty and the Underclass. A Reader . Oxford: Blackwell. Hall, P. (1988) Cities of Tomorrow. An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design in the Twentieth Century . Oxford: Blackwell. Harvey, D. (1997) Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference. Oxford: Blackwell. Katz, M.B. (1993) The ‘Underclass’ Debate. Views from History . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Levitas, R. (1998) The Inclusive Society. Social Exclusion and New Labour . London: Macmillan. Macnicol, J. (1987) ‘In pursuit of the underclass’, Journal of Social Policy 16, pp. 293–318. Marx, K. (1869 [1852]) The 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, 2nd edn. Hamburg. Murray, C. (1984) Losing Ground. New York: Basic Books. Urban Task Force (1999) Towards an Urban Renaissance. London: Spon Press for the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions. Guy Baeten lectures at the University of Lund, Department of Economic and Social Geography, Solvegatan 10, 22362 Lund, Swe- den. E-mail: guy.baeten@keg.lu.se. DOI: 10.1080/1360481042000242184 Integrated Area Development in fragmented cities A gender perspective Arantxa Rodr´ ıguez Increased feminization of poverty has become an essential features of a process of two-speed urban revitalization. It is therefore necessary to contextualize poverty from a gender perspective and to put forward strategies to cope with gendered poverty and exclusion at the neighbourhood and local levels. The essay also provides some examples of innovative initiatives to cope with a particular dimension of gender inequality and exclusion in cities, i.e. poverty of time. To overcome this, new time norms for organizing one’s lifetime, one’s professional career time and the regulation of the ‘time of urban service provision’ can be developed. Several initiatives in Italian, French and Catalan cities have focused on working time and urban services provision schedules to increase women’s opportunities to participate in economic and social-cultural life and thus counter the exclusion spiral in which they had ended up.