An Immune-based Approach to Evaluate Programming Learning Carine G. Webber 1 , Rodrigo Possamai 2 1 Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Brazil, cgwebber@ucs.br 2 Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Brazil, rpossama@ucs.br Abstract: Programming is a complex skill to teach and learn, as we can observe worldwide. Better cognitive tools and methods have emerged in the last years, although as educators we feel very often disappointed with the results. The purpose of this research is to conceive a programming learning environment able to evaluate beginners considering their evolution at their first programming course. We have exploited immune-based approaches as alternative diagnosis methods to construct a learner model. In particular, we present preliminary results obtained using the Danger Theory model. Danger theory explains how the immune system recognizes and responds to danger signals sent by cells in order to protect body against diseases. Based on this theory we have implemented a system able to recognize learners errors as 'danger signals' which may be treated differently according to considered learning goals. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Computer Assisted Instruction, Knowledge Representation, Algorithms 1. Introduction Programming is a complex skill to learn and, as already known, compiler tools are not originally conceived to be used in educational contexts because learners easily develop “generate and test” problem solving methods. As a consequence, learners may hold misconceptions about the use of language statements and programming logic. We have observed during learning activities that there are two main situations that occur when learners face difficulties solving problems. Some learners try to solve a problem and give up without seeking for alternative paths to solve it, lacking of confidence. On the other hand, some learners keep on trying different paths, repeating them and going around in circles. Usually such behaviors point out that learners do not fully understand the semantics of the programming language constructs. Some studies have shown that learners lacking a mental