CASE REPORT Giraffe or leopard spot chorioretinopathy as an outstanding finding: case report and literature review Mohammad Hossein Jabbarpoor Bonyadi . Vahid Ownagh . Ehsan Rahimy . Masoud Soheilian Received: 11 April 2017 / Accepted: 3 June 2018 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2018 Abstract Purpose Presentation of two typical cases with characteristic leopard retinopathy secondary to bilat- eral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation (BDUMP) and idiopathic uveal effusion syndrome (IUES) and brief review of the literature about leopard spot retinopathy. Case report A 43-year-old women, who was a known case of ovarian carcinoma, referred with gradual bilateral visual loss. In ophthalmic examina- tion, subretinal fluid, multiple patchy subretinal hyperpigmented lesions and leopard spot chori- oretinopathy were evident in her both eyes. Fluores- cein angiography showed multiple nummular hyperfluorescent lesions surrounded by zones of hypofluorescence. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography revealed increased retinal thickness, subretinal fluid and RPE irregularities in both eyes. Enhanced depth imaging OCT (EDI-OCT) showed bilateral subfoveal choroidal thickening. During next 2-year follow-up, she underwent cataract surgery and later on developed neovascular glaucoma in her both eyes. The second case was a 45-year-old man who had developed decreased visual acuity in his left eye for 3 years. Anterior segment examination was unremark- able, and both eyes had normal intraocular pressure. No vitreous inflammation was observed. Fundoscopy revealed diffuse exudative retinal detachment in his left eye. Fluorescein angiography showed leopard spot retinopathy of posterior pole, and EDI-OCT disclosed subfoveal choroidal thickening. After exclusion of other causes of exudative retinal detachment and with diagnosis of IUES, he underwent intravitreal triamci- nolone injection (2 mg) which improved his final vision to 20/40. Conclusion Leopard spot retinopathy is an uncom- mon but clinically distinct manifestation of various disorders. BDUMP may present with leopard spot retinopathy, anterior uveal tract involvement and neovascular glaucoma. As EDI-OCT showed involve- ment and increased thickening of choroid in both cases of BDUMP and IUES, it may be better to consider such cases as leopard chorioretinopathy and catego- rize these entities as a member of pachychoroid pigment retinopathy disorders. Keywords Bilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation (BDUMP) Á Idiopathic uveal effusion syndrome (IUES) Á Leopard retinopathy Á Giraffe retinopathy Á Optical coherence tomography (OCT) M. H. Jabbarpoor Bonyadi Á V. Ownagh Á M. Soheilian (&) Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No. 23, Paidarfard St., Pasdaran Ave., Tehran 16666, Iran e-mail: masoud_soheilian@yahoo.com E. Rahimy Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, CA, USA 123 Int Ophthalmol https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-018-0948-5