Volume 4, Issue 8, August – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology ISSN No:-2456-2165 IJISRT19AUG571 www.ijisrt.com 178 Role of Inflammatory Markers in Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Smita Swami 1 , Sanjay Swami 2* , Dr. V. W Patil 3 , Dr. L. Abhichandani 4 1, 2 Assistant Professor, Dept. of Biochemistry, 1 D. Y. Patil School of Medicine, Navi Mumbai. 2 T. N. Medical College, Mumbai, India. 3, 4 Professor & Head, Department of Biochemistry 3 Vedantaa Institute of Medical College, Dahanu, 4 Grant Govt. Medical College & Sir JJ Group of Hospital, Mumbai. Abstract:- Diabetes is a condition that impairs the body's ability to process blood glucose. Type 2 diabetes has several causes- genetics and lifestyle are the most important ones. A combination of these factors can cause insulin resistance, when your body doesn't use insulin as well as it should. Insulin resistance is the most common cause of type 2 diabetes. Alcohol abuse is said to influence several changes in the cytokine levels. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the role of cytokines, which seems to be the probable cause of insulin resistance leading to type 2 diabetes. 400 subjects were included in the study divided into Control (Group I) 100 non-alcoholic control, 100 alcoholic healthy controls. Diabetic subjects as Group II- 100 newly diagnosed non- alcoholic diabetic patients and 100 newly diagnosed alcoholic diabetic patients respectively, both from the age group of 35-55 years. The result specified that there is a strong relation between increased cytokines levels due to alcohol abuse, insulin resistance and diabetic progression and its complication. Keywords:- Diabetes Mellitus, Interleukins, Cytokines, Alcohol, IL1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 I. INTRODUCTION Alcohol (ethanol) is known as a depressant drug. It is said that alcohol slows down the function of central nervous system. Heavy alcohol consumption is said to alter emotions, movements, vision, speech. Alcohol is also said to alter the cytokine levels in the body [1]. Cytokines are the substances such as interferon, interleukin, growth factors which are secreted by certain cells of the immune system. There are various physiological and behavior changes due to alcohol abuse leading to discrepancy in the inflammatory markers. [2] Interleukins is a class of glycoproteins produced by leucocytes for regulating immune responses [3]. Inflammation and immunity are mediated through cytokines. Interleukins exert both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory actions [4]. According to the WHO, approx. 1.6 million death were caused due to diabetes in 2016 [5]. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is the most common form of diabetes. Ineffective use of insulin by the body leads to type 2 diabetes (formerly known as non-insulin dependent). T2D is largely said to be caused due to excess body weight and physical inactivity [6]. This in turn displays the activation of chronic immune system in pancreatic islet, insulin insensitivity at the sites of diabetic complications. Interleukin (IL)-1 (IL-1) mediates inflammatory functions, promotes activation, mediates co-stimulation responses and stimulates secretion of cytokines and other acute phase proteins [3]. IL-6 arbitrate inflammatory actions, induces proliferation and differentiation [7]. IL-8 is a chemokine produced by macrophages and other cell types such as epithelial cells, airway smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells [8]. Immune suppression is conciliated by IL-10, crucial part of IL-10 is inhibiting cytokine against the inflammation [9]. IL-1 is said to modulate the basic metabolic rate, blood pressure and blood glucose levels. IL-1 diminishes the insulin secretion and persuade beta cells apoptosis leading to T2D. IL-1 has a significant role in endocrinology and in regulation of responses related with inflammation [10]. The role of IL- 1 in the process of inflammation is well established but mechanism by which it causes T2D still remains unclear. IL-6 is a protein produced by various cells. It helps regulate immune responses, which makes the IL-6 test potentially useful as a marker of immune system activation. IL-6 can be elevated with inflammation, infection, autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and some cancers. IL-6 plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of T2D. IL-6 is present in almost all the cells, but its overproduction leads to impairment by phosphorylation of insulin substrate 1 and insulin receptor, which in turns induces the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 gene (SOCS-3) inhibiting the insulin signaling potentially thereby causing insulin resistance which finally leads to T2DM. (fig. 1) L-8 is a chemo-attractant cytokine produced by a variety of tissues and blood cells. IL-8 is an important mediator of host response to injury, trauma and inflammation. IL-8 plays a role in activation of neutrophils,