147 © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 R. Diogo et al., Photographic and Descriptive Musculoskeletal Atlas of Bonobos, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54106-8_4 Trunk, Diaphragmatic, Perineal and Coccygeal Musculature 4.1 Trunk and Back Musculature Obliquus capitis inferior (adult Kidogo 2.61 g; Fig. 4.5) – Attachments in bonobos: From spinous pro- cesses of C2 to transverse process of C1 (Miller’s 1952 adult bonobo and our adult Kidogo). – Usual innervation: Branch of the dorsal ramus of the first cervical nerve (Miller 1952: P. paniscus). – Comparison with common chimpanzees: Similar to bonobos. Obliquus capitis superior (adult Kidogo 1.18 g; Fig. 4.5) – Attachments in bonobos: From transverse process of C1 to occipital bone (Miller’s 1952 adult bonobo and our adult Kidogo). – Usual innervation: Branch of the dorsal ramus of the first cervical nerve (Miller 1952: P. paniscus). – Comparison with common chimpanzees: Similar to bonobos. Rectus capitis anterior (adult Kidogo 0.42 g) – Attachments in bonobos: Mainly from C1 to basiocciput (our adult Kidogo). – Usual innervation: Data are not available. – Comparison with common chimpanzees: In P. troglodytes rectus capitis anterior major runs from C3 to C6 to the basiocciput, receiving a slip from the scalenus anterior, while the rectus capi- tis anterior minor runs from the anteroventral sur- face of the lateral mass of C1 to the basiocciput, ventral to the foramen magnum and occipital condyle, and dorsolateral to the insertion of the longus capitis (Sonntag 1923, 1924; Dean 1985). Rectus capitis lateralis (adult Kidogo 0.75 g) – Attachments in bonobos: From transverse process of C1 to jugular process of occipital bone (our adult Kidogo). – Usual innervation: Data are not available. – Comparison with common chimpanzees: Similar to bonobos. Rectus capitis posterior major (adult Kidogo 3.27 g; Fig. 4.5) – Attachments in bonobos: From spinous pro- cess of C2 to occipital bone, between inferior nuchal line and foramen magnum, lateral to insertion of rectus capitis posterior minor (our adult Kidogo and Miller’s 1952 adult bonobo). – Usual innervation: Branches of the dorsal ramus of the first cervical nerve (Miller 1952: P. paniscus). 4