Research Article
A Novel Appraisal Protocol for Spatiotemporal Patterns of
Rainfall by Reconnaissance the Precipitation Concentration Index
(PCI) with Global Warming Context
Zara Tehreem,
1
Zulfiqar Ali,
2
Nadhir Al-Ansari ,
3
Rizwan Niaz ,
1
Ijaz Hussain ,
1
and Saad Sh. Sammen
4
1
Department of Statistics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
2
College of Statistical and Actuarial Sciences, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
3
Civil Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea 971 87, Sweden
4
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Diyala, Baqubah, Diyala Governorate, Iraq
Correspondence should be addressed to Nadhir Al-Ansari; nadhir.alansari@ltu.se and Ijaz Hussain; ijaz@qau.edu.pk
Received 6 May 2022; Revised 3 June 2022; Accepted 7 July 2022; Published 4 August 2022
Academic Editor: Tahir Mehmood
Copyright © 2022 Zara Tehreem et al. is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
In global warming contexts, continuous increment in temperature triggers several environmental, economic, and ecological
challenges. Its impacts have severe effects on energy, agriculture, and socioeconomic structure. Moreover, the strong correlation
between temperature and dynamic changing of rainfall patterns greatly influences the natural cycles of water resources. erefore,
it is necessary to examine the spatiotemporal variation of precipitation to improve precipitation monitoring systems. ereby, it
helps to make future planning for flood control and water resource management. Considering the importance of the spatio-
temporal assessment of precipitation, the current study provides a new method: regional contextual precipitation concentration
index (RCPCI) to analyze spatial-temporal patterns of annual rainfall intensities by reconnaissance the precipitation concen-
tration index (PCI) in the global warming context. e current study modifies the existing version of PCI by propagating the role
of temperature as auxiliary information. Further, based on spatial and nonspatial correlation analysis, the current study compares
the performance of RCPCI and PCI for 45 meteorological stations of Pakistan. Tjøstheim’s coefficient and the modified t-test are
used for testing and estimating the spatial correlation between both indices. In addition, the Poisson log-normal spatial model is
used to assess the spatial distribution of each rainfall pattern. Outcomes associated with the current analysis show that the
proposed method is a good and efficient substitute for PCI in the global warming scenario in the presence of temperature data.
erefore, to make accurate and precise climate and precipitation mitigation policies, the proposed method may incorporate
uncovering the yearly pattern of rainfall.
1. Introduction
Climate variability is a change in the statistical distribution
of weather patterns. e climate of a region is defined by
assessing the variation in humidity, temperature, wind,
atmospheric pressure, and precipitation. In recent decades,
climatological changes, the temperature, variation in pre-
cipitation, increase in the intensity of some extreme weather
phenomena, rise in sea levels, etc., negatively impact the
natural and human systems worldwide [1]. Certain climatic
variables like temperature, precipitation, wind pattern, and
solar radiation mainly describe the distinctive features of the
climatic system [2]; however, the precipitation and tem-
perature are the most significant and conventional climatic
variables which change in time and space and affect hy-
drological cycle, irrigation schedules, agriculture, and other
human activities. Additionally, the change in the intensity
and amount of rainfall may lead to extraordinary weather
events (e.g., floods, rainstorms, and droughts) [3, 4], which
can cause economic and environmental damages and in-
creased in mortality rate [5, 6]. However, by considering
these issues, the understanding of the spatiotemporal
Hindawi
Mathematical Problems in Engineering
Volume 2022, Article ID 3012100, 9 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3012100