Three Open Questions from the Indigenous Epistemology, over Music and Mathematics in the Latin American 21 st Century Gabriel P areyon CENIDIM – INBA, Mexico City CUCSH – Universidad de Guadalajara gabrielpareyon@gmail.com ORCID: 0000-0002-3471-0102 DOI: 10.46926/musmat.2022v6n1.1-11 Abstract: It is a fact that the ancient peoples of the Americas had, for many centuries, robust mathematical and musical cultures. Although much of these cultures was not clearly recorded in writing by the first European settlers, this does not mean that their existence is insignificant, and much less, that they have been lost forever. Due to the importance of publishing studies on music and mathematics from a Latin American perspective, the following text, initiatory on the subject, proposes three key questions to promote a discussion from anthropological and historical foundations for the indigenous relationships of music and mathematics, and with the intention of motivating more questions, or formulating them in a better way, in further research. Keywords: Mathematical Musicology. Latin America. Mesoamerican Mathematics and Music. I. Introduction T he following notes are motivated by an insight of music and mathematics from the viewpoint of regional history, in Latin American countries where colonization has not been fully achieved. In other words, from the living testimonial notions of an autochthonous knowledge within its own right to exist by itself, and in possible harmony with intellectual and artistic practices imported to build an enriched experience of the so-called Western civilization. Many questions may arise from this discussion. However, here are only three of them as few among the capital ones, in order to develop further discussion on the history, education and transformation of mathematics related to music. These three questions are framed into the subjects of (firstly) the recognition of a cultural Mesoamerican and Andean heritage useful and refreshing for a wider comprehension of the bonds between music and mathematics; (secondly) music and mathematics by their relationship with ethics and a social frame for peace among the peoples, and the links of the latter, with life survival on Earth, and (thirdly) the search for a non-conflictive coexistence between musical practices and theories from different origin and contexts, without the imminent elimination of the non politically and economically predominant ones. 1