Performance Assessment of HVAC Control Strategies with Application to DR
Atefe Makhmalbaf, Georgia Institute of Technology and Pacific Northwest National Lab
Godfried Augenbroe, Georgia Institute of Technology
ABSTRACT
Demand response (DR) programs have been growing in number and magnitude in the past
decade to reduce load during the peak hours. Despite efforts to automate DR, we lack methods and
tools to support facility/building managers with ‘how to respond’ decisions at building-scale. This is
because there are multiple control strategies available at commercial buildings as response to a DR
signal and quantifying the trade-off of these mechanisms for power management has remained a
challenge. Hence, it is important to rigorously evaluate power performance of different heating,
ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) control strategies under different scenarios. This cannot
be achieved without quantifying performance. The authors have developed a set of quantifiable
performance indicators (PIs) in their previous work by applying an engineering perspective on
performance-based building design and operation. These PIs include the ratio of maximum to
average power consumption, deviation of demand from nominal power use, energy consumption,
and two measures of thermal comfort. This paper examines these PIs by systematically quantifying
them under different scenarios of use to show how they can be used for power and energy
assessment and management with application to DR. Scenarios defined were modeled and
simulated in a controlled environment as a set of experiments. The platform used to model and
simulate these experiments is EnergyPlus. Each PI was calculated in the post-processing stage to
assess and compare performance of different control strategies. Quantification and assessment of
power performance of HVAC control strategies enable development of decision support tools to
facilitate building managers’ decisions in the context of DR.
Introduction
Historically, the goal of the electric power grid has been to balance the supply and demand
and deliver electricity to consumers in a cost-effective and reliable way. The energy crisis of the
1970’s raised the need for energy efficiency; hence, sustainability became a new objective for the
electricity system. Today, the increasing diversity and variability of loads and the growing
penetration of intermittent renewable generation sources have introduced more volatility to the
power system requiring new components and methods to sustain its stability and reliability. This
includes deployment of new mechanisms and techniques at building level commonly known as
ancillary services and demand side management (DSM) techniques. DSM techniques include
energy efficiency and conservation, peak load management, and DR.
Furthermore, “while energy efficiency measures have been widely understood by many
audiences including facility managers, building owners, utility program managers, auditors, and
policy makers, there are not many documents introducing frameworks or guidelines for measures
and strategies to participate in demand response programs. Commercial buildings have been only
12-1 ©2016 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings