Cardiac Adaptations of Bullfrog Tadpoles in Response to Chytrid Infection RAQUEL FERNANDA SALLA 1 , FERNANDO URBAN GAMERO 1 , LARISSA RODRIGUES RIBEIRO 1 , GISELE MIGLIORANZA RIZZI 2 , SAMUEL ESPINOSA DAL MEDICO 1 , RAFAEL ZANELLI RISSOLI 3 , CONRADO AUGUSTO VIEIRA 4 , ELAINE CRISTINA MATHIAS SILVA- ZACARIN 2 , DOMINGOS SILVA LEITE 5 , F  ABIO CAMARGO ABDALLA 2 , LUIS FELIPE TOLEDO 5 , AND MONICA JONES COSTA 1 * 1 Laboratory of Conservation Physiology, Department of Biology, Federal University of S, ~ a, o Carlos (UFSCar), Sorocaba, S~ ao Paulo, Brazil 2 Laboratory of Structural and Functional Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of S~ ao Carlos (UFSCar), Sorocaba, S~ ao Paulo, Brazil 3 Laboratory Zoophysiology and Comparative Biochemistry (LZBC), Department of Physiological Sciences. Federal University of S~ ao Carlos (UFSCar), S~ ao Carlos, S~ ao Paulo, Brazil 4 Laboratory of Natural History of Brazilian Amphibians (LaHNAB), Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, S~ ao Paulo, Brazil 5 Laboratory of Bacterial Antigens II, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, Department of Zoology Museum “Prof. Ad~ ao Jos e Cardoso“, State University of Campinas, Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil Grant sponsor: Brazilian Institute of Comparative Physiology CNPq; grant numbers: 573921/2008-3, FAPESP 08/57712-4; grant sponsor: FAPESP; grant numbers: 2011/06632-3, 2011/51694-7; grant sponsor: CNPq; grant numbers: 405285/2013-2, 302589/2013-9.  Correspondence to: Monica Jones Costa, Laboratory of Conservation Physiology, Department of Biology, Federal University of S~ ao Carlos (UFSCar), Sorocaba, S~ ao Paulo, Brazil. E-mail: monica@ufscar.br Received 14 October 2014; Accepted 30 April 2015 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1945 Published online 7 June 2015 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). ABSTRACT The chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) can result in heart failure in Bd- susceptible species. Since Bd infection generally does not cause mortality in North American bullfrogs, the aim of this work was to verify whether this species presents any cardiac adaptation that could improve the tolerance to the fungus. Thus, we analyzed tadpoles' activity level, relative RESEARCH ARTICLE © 2015 WILEY PERIODICALS, INC.