Integrity Journal of Arts and Humanities
Volume 2(3), pages 62-69, October 2021
Article Number: D8A7399F4
ISSN: 2811-2407
https://doi.org/10.31248/IJAH2021.034
https://integrityresjournals.org/journal/IJAH
Full Length Research
A critical discourse analysis of selected news reports
of South Africa xenophobic attacks of Nigerians
OYEDEJI Gideon Abioye* and IDRIS Nabila Idoko
General Studies Unit, Air Force Institute of Technology, Kaduna, Nigeria.
*Corresponding author. Email: oyegid@afit.edu.ng/dejigideon@gmail.com
Copyright © 2021 Idris and Oyedeji. This article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received 10th September, 2021; Accepted 6th October, 2021
ABSTRACT: The incessant xenophobic attacks of Nigerians and other foreign nationals in South Africa have generated
a unique discourse in the Nigerian media and in fact, other mainstream media on the African continent and international
scene. These attacks are viewed by the international community as incompatible with 21st century civility. This paper
therefore, engages the reports of selected news media in Nigeria, South African and other media houses with a view to
explicating the ideologies that underpin each report seeing through the insight of Van Dijk, Norman Fairclough and Ruth
Wodak’s models of Critical Discourse Analysis. A total of 10 report on the 2015-2019 xenophobia were purposively
selected from the online outlets of these media houses. The study therefore found that the use of language by the Nigerian
media shows that the polarisation tilted towards emphasising the positive ‘in-group’ description of the heinous acts visited
on innocent Nigerians in South Africa whereas the South African and other news media brought to perspective the negative
‘out-group’ description of “some” Nigerians who are engaged in illegal businesses in their South Africa. The lexical choices
contribute in significant ways to show the ideologies each reporters represent. The study submits that, these attacks by
South Africans on fellow African Nationals are nefarious, iniquitous, atrocious and roguish perhaps because of their
colonial experience.
Keywords: Critical discourse analysis, ideologies, South Africa, xenophobic attacks.
INTRODUCTION
The term xenophobia refers to a dread of anything unusual
or alien. It is also used to express hate of outsiders and
foreigners. This expresses itself in a variety of ways,
including the relationships and views of various groups of
people. Clearly, xenophobia is based on a sense of
insecurity when foreigners are perceived to be taking over
one’s country (Ogunnowo and Joshua, 2019; Anyim et al.,
2019). People care about an ethnic nationality's personal
and collective secure identity; therefore, anything that
violates this personal and collective view is odd and cannot
survive the hatred stated on such entity. Xenophobia, as
defined by Klande (2001) and referenced by UNESCO
(2017, p. 3), is “an attitudinal orientation of hatred toward
non-natives in a particular population”. Socio-cultural
background and exposure often account for the
development of a people's attitude, and once an attitude
has been established, the foundation for shifting views is
limited. As a result, xenophobic conduct is founded on pre-
existing racial, ethnic, religious, cultural, or national
prejudice. According to Mogokwu (2005, p. 6), xenophobia
is represented in discriminating attitudes and conduct, and
it often ends in violence, abuse, and the display of
complete hatred for foreigners. Harris (2001) backs up this
point of view by claiming that xenophobia is caused by a
sense of superiority and a lack of intercultural knowledge.
South Africa's xenophobic assaults against other
Africans are based on a deep fear of foreign domination,
stereotypes and attitudes. According to Premium Times
(2017, p. 2) cited in Oyedeji (2020), since 1994, there have
been waves of xenophobic violence directed against
Nigerians and other African citizens. The 2008 disaster
killed 62 people in Johannesburg townships, majority of
them Nigerians. Another assault was carried out on African
immigrants in April 2015. This was exacerbated by a