E n d o c r in o l o g y & M e t a b ol ic S y n d r o m e ISSN: 2161-1017 Endocrinology & Metabolic Syndrome Abd-Elbaky, et al. Endocrinol Metab Synd 2015, 4:2 DOI: 10.4172/2161-1017.1000171 Research Article Open Access Endocrinol Metab Synd ISSN: 2161-1017 EMS, an open access journal Volume 4 • Issue 2 • 1000171 Associations of Serum Omentin and Apelin Concentrations with Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 and Cardiovascular Diseases in Egyptian Population Atif E Abd-Elbaky 1 , Dina M Abo-ElMatty 2 , Noha M Mesbah 2 and Sherine M Ibrahim 3 * 1 Department of Biochemistry, Portsaid University, Cairo, Egypt 2 Suez Canal University, Cairo, Egypt 3 Modern Sciences and Arts University, Cairo, Egypt Abstract Background and aim: Dysregulation of omentin, a benefcial adipokine and apelin, an infammatory adipokine, is thought to play a role in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between circulating omentin and apelin concentrations and components of the metabolic syndrome in adults with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus or cardiovascular disease. Methods: A total of 240 adults sex and age-matched were included in the current case-control study, including 80 healthy non-obese controls, 80 obese patients with T2DM without cardiovascular disease, and 80 obese patients with T2DM with cardiovascular disease . Fasting blood sample was collected to determine biochemical indicators and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR). Omentin, apelin, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), troponin-T, and oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL) plasma level was assessed by ELISA. Associations of adipokines with biochemical parameters of the patients were determined. Results: Serum omentin levels were signifcantly lower and serum apelin and IL-1β concentrations were signifcantly higher in obese diabetic groups compared to non-obese controls. In correlation analyses, omentin negatively associated with the HOMA-IR index, apelin, and troponin-T, whereas apelin was positively associated with IL-1β, BMI, and troponin. Conclusions: Our study supports the hypothesis that abnormal production of omentin and apelin can contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity-related complications including T2DM and cardiovascular disease. *Corresponding author: Sherine M. Ibrahim, Department of Pharmacy, Modern Sciences and Arts University, Cairo, Egypt, Tel: +01223798354; 00201223798354; E-mail: catshery@yahoo.com. Received April 19, 2015; Accepted April 29, 2015; Published May 05, 2015 Citation: Abd-Elbaky AE, Abo-ElMatty DM, Mesbah NM, Ibrahim SM (2015) Associations of Serum Omentin and Apelin Concentrations with Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 and Cardiovascular Diseases in Egyptian Population. Endocrinol Metab Synd 4: 171. doi:10.4172/2161-1017.1000171 Copyright: © 2015 Abd-Elbaky AE, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Keywords: Cardiovascular disease; Omentin; Apelin; IL-1β; Troponin-T; Ox-LDL; Obesity; Type 2 diabetes Introduction Obesity is a chronic multifactorial disease that is associated with numerous metabolic disorders, including Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) [1,2]. Te major link between obesity and T2DM is Insulin Resistance (IR). Adipose tissue depots are the most vulnerable target to mediate signifcant immune cells infltration and infammation contributing to systemic infammation and IR in obese humans [3]. Diabetes has become an epidemic and remains a major public health issue. In 2010, it was estimated that 4.787 million Egyptians (10.4% of the Egyptian population) had diabetes and that diabetes will increase to 8.615 million Egyptians by the year 2030 [4]. Diabetes mellitus increases the incidence of coronary heart disease, being the most common and clinically important complication in DM [5]. Adipose tissue represents an active endocrine organ by releasing the large number of bioactive mediators (adipokines) that plays an important role in modulating glucose metabolism and infammation [6].Te adipokine secretion pattern refects adipose tissue function and seems to be important for determining the individual risk to develop metabolic and cardiovascular comorbidities of obesity [7]. When adipose tissue infammation and dysfunction have developed, adipokine secretion is signifcantly changed towards a diabetogenic, pro-infammatory, and atherogenic pattern [8]. Omentin, apelin, and IL-1β are adipokines that play a key role in the Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) pathophysiology [9]. Omentin is a newly identifed secretory protein that is relative to subcutaneous adipose tissue and is highly and selectively expressed in visceral adipose tissue. Low omentin expression was observed in obesity, IR and T2DM [10]. It was shown that omentin levels correlate inversely with troponin-T and total cholesterol in obese patients with heart disease. Recent studies underscore anti-infammatory, anti-atherogenic, and anti-diabetic properties of omentin [11]. Te other newly discovered adipokine is apelin-12, a 12-amino acid peptide, expressed in human adipocytes and encoded by the APLN gene [12]. Te synthesis of apelin in adipocytes is triggered by insulin and its plasma levels are reported to increase in association with insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and diabetes mellitus [13]. Our previous studies indicated that apelin concentrations were signifcantly increased in T2DM patients with or without CVD [14] and positively correlated with serum IL-1β concentrations and negatively associated with serum Triacylglycerols (TAGs) and BMI [15]. Moreover, apelin was up-regulated in the atherosclerotic coronary artery and this peptide localized to the plaque with markers for macrophages and smooth muscle cells [16]. Epidemiological studies showed that IL-1β as a pro-infammatory cytokine was signifcantly increased and correlated with Troponin-T