Contingencies of Self-worth in Early
Adolescence: The Antecedent Role of
Perceived Parenting
Sofie Wouters, Sarah Doumen, Veerle Germeijs, Hilde Colpin and
Karine Verschueren, KU Leuven
Abstract
Contingent self-esteem (i.e., the degree to which one’s self-esteem is dependent on
meeting particular conditions) has been shown to predict a wide range of psychosocial
and academic problems. This study extends previous research on contingent self-
esteem by examining the predictive role of perceived parenting dimensions in a sample
of early adolescents (N = 240; age range 11–15 years). Additionally, the effect of
perceived parenting on contingent self-esteem is compared with its effect on global
self-esteem. Our main findings showed that both responsiveness and psychological
control were unique predictors of global self-esteem whereas only psychological
control uniquely predicted contingent self-esteem. Although the effect of responsive-
ness on global self-esteem was increased when combined with high levels of behavioral
control, this effect did not depend on the level of psychological control.The effect of
psychological control on contingent self-esteem, however, generally increased when
combined with high levels of responsiveness.
Keywords: contingent self-esteem; global self-esteem; parenting; adolescence
Introduction
Global self-esteem, defined as a person’s global perception of himself or herself
(Harter, 2003; Shavelson, Hubner, & Stanton, 1976), is a developmental variable that
has been linked to several outcomes (Greenier, Kernis, & Waschull, 1995). Low global
self-esteem has been found to relate to depression, neuroticism, aggression, and
school-related dropout (Baumeister, Campbell, Krueger, & Vohs, 2003; Donnellan,
Trzesniewski, Robins, Moffitt, & Caspi, 2005; Lan & Lanthier, 2003; Manning, Bear,
& Minke, 2006; Sun & Hui, 2007) whereas high global self-esteem has been found to
predict success, life satisfaction, and psychological well-being (Crocker & Wolfe,
2001; Marsh, Craven, & McInerney, 2005), and also anger and aggression (Baumeister
et al., 2003; Manning et al., 2006). These divergent findings encouraged researchers to
Correspondence should be addressed to Sofie Wouters, School Psychology and Child and Adoles-
cent Development, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102—Box 3717, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. Email:
sofie.wouters@ppw.kuleuven.be
Social Development Vol 22 No. 2 242–258 May 2013
doi: 10.1111/sode.12010
© Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 2012. Published by Blackwell Publishing, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK and 350 Main Street,
Malden, MA 02148, USA.