Limited survey of deoxynivalenol occurrence in maize kernels and maize-products collected from Indonesian retail market F.M.C.S. Setyabudi a , N. Nuryono b , S. Wedhastri c , H.K. Mayer d , E. Razzazi-Fazeli e, * a Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia b Departement of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia c Department of Mycrobiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia d Food Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria e VetCore Facility for Research, VetOMICS, Veterinary Medicine University of Vienna, Austria article info Article history: Received 8 November 2010 Received in revised form 12 August 2011 Accepted 6 September 2011 Keywords: Deoxynivalenol Maize HPLC Indonesia abstract Fifty samples consisted of 24 maize kernels and 26 maize based-food products from retail market in Yogyakarta, Indonesia were analysed for deoxynivalenol (DON) using high performance liquid chroma- tography (HPLC) combined with ultraviolet detection after immunoaffinity column (IAC) clean-up process. Prior to use, performance of the analytical method was evaluated in term of recovery, repeat- ability, and detection limit. The recoveries of DON in spiked samples (50e360 mg DON/kg sample) were obtained in a range of 70.9e97.3% with relative standard deviation (RSD) for repeatability within a day less than 16%. Limit of detection based on the response ratio of signal to noise (3/1) was noted being 20 mg DON/kg sample. All analysed samples contained DON ranging between 47 and 348 mg/kg with median and means of 111.0 and 124.6 mg/kg, respectively. The contamination of DON in the studied samples may not be taken into account as hazard for human and animal health since the concentrations were lower than maximum limit of DON contamination in foodstuffs (500 mg/kg) established by European Commission (2006). Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Deoxynivalenol (DON) is secondary metabolite of food spoilage fungi produced by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum (Miller, 2003). The occurrence of those fungi is often associated with Fusarium head blight in wheat and Gibberella ear rot in maize. DON is commonly found in wheat, maize, rye, rice, oat, and barley causing variety of public health and agro-economic problems. Galvano, Ritieni, Piva, and Pietri (2005) mentioned that human ingestion of mycotoxins is usually attributed due to contaminated agricultural products or carry-over of mycotoxins from feedstuffs into animal derived products. The toxic effect of DON on animals has been investigated in swine, ruminants, poultry, dog and cat. Among investigated animals, swine is the most susceptible species to DON exposure. In addition, the toxic effect of DON on ruminants and poultry seems to be less susceptible compared to swine. Moreover, the carry-over of DON and other trichothecenes from feed to milk, meat or eggs of animal origins are estimated to be neglected and non-significant (Jonker, van Egmond, & Stephany, 1999; CAST, 2003). Sypecka, Kelly, and Brereton (2004) reported that consumption of eggs is relatively less than that of cereals. Therefore, the chance for human to get DON exposure caused by consumption of cereals is higher than that of eggs. The maximum limit of DON in cereals and cereal-derived products has been established by the European Commission (European Commission, 2006; EFSA, 2004; Verstraete, 2006). DON concentration in bread, pastries, biscuits, cereal snacks and break- fast cereals must be lower than 500 mg/kg, that is similar to cereals designed for human consumption. Moreover, cereals that are intended for infant consumption must contain DON lower than 100 mg/kg. US Food and Drug Administration has established advisory level regarding maximum level of DON in wheat/derived products and other grains. The maximum level of all finished wheat products intended for human consumption should be less than 1000 mg DON/kg (CAST, 2003; Chesemore, 1993). Abbreviations: DON, Deonxynivalenol; FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization; HPLC-UV, High Performance Liquid Chromatography - Ultraviolet; IAC, Immu- noaffinity Column; PBS, Phosphate Buffered Saline; PEG, Polyethylenglycol; RSD, Relative Standard Deviation; SNI, Standar Nasional Indonesia; WHO, World Health Organization. * Corresponding author. Tel.: þ43 1 25077 3216; fax: þ43 1 25077 3290. E-mail address: Ebrahim.Razzazi@vetmeduni.ac.at (E. Razzazi-Fazeli). Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Food Control journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foodcont 0956-7135/$ e see front matter Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.09.013 Food Control 24 (2012) 123e127