1 This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Springer in Human Ecology, on September 2019, available online on: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10745-019-00105-8 Belowground and aboveground sustainability: Historical management change in a Mediterranean agroecosystem (Les Oluges, Spain, 1860-1959-1999) Lucía Díez a* , José Ramón Olarieta b & Enric Tello a a Department of Economic History, Institutions, Policy and World Economy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; b Department of Soil Science and Environment, Engineering School of Agriculture (ETSEA), University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain. *Corresponding author: Lucía Díez Sanjuán, Department of Economic History, Institutions, Policy and World Economy, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Barcelona, Office 2432, Diagonal Avenue 690, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; email: luciadiez@ub.edu