Review Interplay of vitamin D and metabolic syndrome: A review Priyanka Prasad *, Anita Kochhar 1 Department of Food and Nutrition, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 2. Vitamin D and metabolic syndrome risk factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 2.1. Arterial hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 2.1.1. Intervention studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 2.2. Obesity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 2.2.1. Intervention studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 2.3. Insulin sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 2.3.1. Intervention studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 2.4. Dyslipidemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 2.4.1. Intervention studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 2.5. Cardiovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 2.5.1. Intervention studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 3. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 1. Introduction Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin. Vitamin D along with parathyroid hormone and its major circulating form 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D or calcitriol) is largely responsi- ble for the regulation of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis [1]. The well known pathologic condition associated with vitamin D deficiency is malformed bones. However many recent research advances provoked enormous public health interest in vitamin D. The identification of vitamin D receptor (VDR) in almost all Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews xxx (2015) xxx–xxx * Corresponding author at: Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Home Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India. Tel.: +91 8437411773/9988880346. E-mail addresses: priyankadwivedi16@gmail.com (P. Prasad), dranitakochhar@yahoo.com (A. Kochhar). 1 Mobile: +91 9988880346. A R T I C L E I N F O Keywords: Cardiovascular disease Cholecalciferol Metabolic syndrome Vitamin D A B S T R A C T Vitamin D deficiency is a worldwide public health problem. Vitamin D deficiency plays key role in the pathophysiology of risk factors of metabolic syndrome which affect cardiovascular system, increase insulin resistance and obesity, stimulate rennin–angiotensin–aldosterone system that cause hyperten- sion. The discovery of vitamin D receptor expressed ubiquitously in almost all body cells such as immune, vascular and myocardial cells, pancreatic beta cells, neurons and osteoblasts suggests an involvement of vitamin D mediated effects on metabolic syndrome. Moreover vitamin D deficiency as well as cardiovascular diseases and related risk factors frequently co-occur. This underlines the importance of understanding the role of vitamin D in the context of metabolic syndrome. The paper provides an insight into the physiology of vitamin D and relationship of vitamin D deficiency with risk factors of metabolic syndrome through observational and supplementation studies. ß 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Diabetes India. G Model DSX-462; No. of Pages 8 Please cite this article in press as: Prasad P, Kochhar A. Interplay of vitamin D and metabolic syndrome: A review. Diab Met Syndr: Clin Res Rev (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2015.02.014 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews jo ur n al h o mep ag e: www .elsevier .c om /loc ate/d s x http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2015.02.014 1871-4021/ß 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Diabetes India.