International Journal of Social Sciences Perspectives
ISSN: 2577-7750
Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 93-104.
2022
DOI: 10.33094/ijssp.v11i2.656
© 2022 by the authors; licensee Online Academic Press, USA
93
© 2022 by the authors; licensee Online Academic Press, USA
The Effects of Annual GDP Growth on Consumption Spending: Evidence from West African
Countries
Ismaila Y Jammeh
Department of Economics, Management
and Industrial Engineering, University
of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
Email: isma.jammeh@ua.pt
Licensed:
This work is licensed under a Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Keywords:
GDP growth
Consumer spending
Panel data
Generalized method of moment
Least square dummy variable.
Received: 4 July 2022
Revised: 8 August 2022
Accepted: 24 August 2022
Published: 12 September 2022
Abstract
This study examines the effect of annual growth in the gross domestic
product (GDP) on consumption spending in West African Countries from
the period 2005 to 2020. Consumption has been a fundamental driver of
economic growth, and insufficient consumption spending will lure firms
to lay off workers which can lead to short-run fluctuation in the economy.
The study employed a dynamic panel model with a set of estimation
strategies such as fixed and random effect, Anderson and Hsiao estimation
method, difference and System-Generalized Methods of Moment and
Least Square Dummy Variable estimation methods to correctly assess how
annual growth in the gross domestic product (GDP) affects consumption
spending in these countries including additional variables such as Lag
consumption spending, foreign direct investment, consumer prices as a
measure of inflation and a vector of control such as capital formation and
annual population growth. The study found that annual GDP growth
and Foreign direct investment have a significant impact on increasing
consumption spending thus annual GDP growth is the most crucial factor
for increasing consumption spending in these countries. Moreover, lagged
consumption spending is also found to have a negative significant effect in
reducing current consumption spending while gross capital formation and
annual population growth are found to have an insignificant effect in
reducing consumption spending in all the estimates except in the Anderson
and Hsiao estimation method which shows a positive relationship with
consumption spending.
Funding: This study received no specific financial support.
Competing Interests: The author declares that there are no conflicts of interests regarding the publication
of this paper.
1. Introduction
At the start of the Covid-19 pandemic which put every economic and non-economic activity at a halt, people
were in a panic, some engage in panic buying, thinking that the pandemic will never be over while others were
thinking that when the government lockdown the economy, they will not be able to consume the same level they
usually enjoyed before the pandemic.
During this unprecedented time, we became more upset, perplexed and hopeless when we lost jobs that were
so dared to us that we’ve never thought of losing, post us a serious question, why are firms laying -off workers
during this hard time, and why are government not taking any action. They probably did what they could do best
when many governments around the world introduced stimulus packages that gave households cash bonuses to
continue enjoying the goods and services they always enjoyed before the pandemic. This explains why is important
to know how economics works and why government give cash bonuses when people are losing their jobs in a crisis
situation is fundamentally important in restoring hope and confidence in the economy and crucial as a determinant
of economic growth (Mankiw, 2019).
Consumption spending has been a fundamental driver of economic growth, an increase in consumption
expenditure by households and the government boost aggregate demand in the economy which also makes it
profitable for firms to increase their production level by employing more workers and this implies more taxable
income for the government. Understanding household consumption spending seems to be a micro question but
answering this kind of question significantly depends on the macroeconomic conditions (Mankiw, 2019).