PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS AND RESEARCH | ISSN 2613-7828 Available online at www.sciencerepository.org Science Repository * Correspondence to: Marianna Mazza, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; E-mail: mariannamazza@hotmail.com Review Article Graphology: An Interface Between Biology, Psychology and Neuroscience Giuseppe Marano 1,2,3,4 , Gianandrea Traversi 5 , Eleonora Gaetani 6 , Gabriele Sani 1 , Salvatore Mazza 1 and Marianna Mazza 1* 1 Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy 2 Associazione Grafologica Italo-Francese (AGIF), Italy 3 Istituto Analisi Grafologiche (IANG), Italy 4 Associazione Grafologi Professionisti (AGP), Italy 5 Department of Science, University of Rome “Roma Tre”, Rome, Italy 6 Division of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy A R T I C L E I N F O Article history: Received: 19 December, 2020 Accepted: 29 December, 2020 Published: 7 January, 2021 Keywords: Graphology handwriting psychology neurosciences biology A B S T R A C T Introduction In the second half of the nineteenth century, between 1 806 and 1881, in France, the Abbé Jean-Hippolyte Michon coined the term graphology catalogued as a series of recurrent graphic signs and empirically linked to specific aspects of the character. The term derives etymologically from the Greek, consisting of the word graphè meaning “to write” and logos signifying “word, study”, therefore graphology is the study of writing. It is a discipline connoted by an experimental nature which seeks to outline the complexity of individual psycho-physical behaviour, through the rigorous and meticulous analysis and interpretation of graphic signs detected in handwriting. According to the ethical code adopted by the Société Française de Graphologie, graphology is described in terms of a “human science, technique of observation and interpretation” that “allows the study of personality through handwriting analysis”. The medical dictionary defines graphology as “a technique of personality investigation that assigns to the manual handwriting a revelatory significance of the writer attitudes and behaviours” [1]. In addition, “the graphic aspects such as the pressure of writing on the paper, the size of the letters, the closure or Handwriting analysis dates back to many centuries ago. Graphology is a discipline that investigates personality and intellect of the individual through writing, indeed handwriting of the human being is an expression of his or her essence. Graphology examines a writing in order to extract unfiltered information about innate temperament and subconscious nature of who has traced the letters. The present paper highlights the historical and methodological approaches of graphology and its usefulness in human knowledge in order to give a glimpse of the complexity of this discipline. We have gradually focused on the description of the various fields with which, over time until today, the graphologists have dealt according to experimental and epistemological methodologies along a spectrum that ranges from studies on the character, the neuronal and biological correlates, the use in the forensic field, until to the contributions to career counseling and personnel selection. This manuscript aims to provide a quantitative picture of the handwriting analysis trying to combine insights from different sources and exploring conditions, limits and possibilities of its subject matter and methods involved. Handwriting analysis draws reliable conclusions about the spirit personality of a writer. We suppose that graphology and psychology could complement each other, and in this perspective, we explore the hypothesis of the existence of a bidirectional relationship between psychology, graphology and neuroscience which allows to gain insight into ourselves and others. © 2020 Marianna Mazza. Hosting by Science Repository. © 2020 Marianna Mazza. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Hosting by Science Repository. http://dx.doi.org/10.31487/j.PDR.2020.03.05