Review Article Open Access Parainfammation: An Immunohematological Risk Factor for the Emergence and Re-Emergence of Diseases 1 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu State, Nigeria 2 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Ebonyi State University Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria Alphonsus Ogbonna Ogbuabor 1 *, Humphrey Afam Nwobodo 1 and Felix Ejike Chukwurah 2 *Corresponding author Alphonsus Ogbonna Ogbuabor, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu State, Nigeria. E-mail: ogbuaborao@yahoo.com Received: September 17, 2022; Accepted: September 23, 2022; Published: September 29, 2022 Journal of Immunology Research & Reports Keywords: Parainfammation, Diseases, Apparently Healthy Persons Introduction Parainfammation otherwise known as Low Grade Chronic Infammation (LGCI) is a shift in the infammatory response from short to long-lived subclinical infammation that causes breakdown of the immune tolerance [1, 2]. It involves a persistent harmful degenerative process in which neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells are released in the tissues producing antibodies, cytokines, growth factors, and enzymes hence contributing to the progression of tissue damage, fbrosis, granuloma and/or systemic infammation. The common signs and symptoms of parainfammation includes body pain, myalgia, arthralgia, chronic fatigue, depression, anxiety, constipation, diarrhea, weight gain or loss and frequent infections [3]. Pathogenesis of Parainfammation (a) Failure of eliminating the agent causing an acute infammation such as infectious pathogens. (b) An autoimmune process in which the immune system is sensitized to the normal components of the body and attacks healthy tissues. (c) Recurrent episodes of acute infammation and exposure to a low level of a particular irritant or foreign material that cannot be eliminated by enzymatic breakdown or phagocytosis in the body. (d) An increase in infammatory markers as a result of lifestyle and/or physic-pathological changes such as chronic stress, nutrition, ageing and epigenetics changes [4, 5]. Parainfammation Theory of Diseases Parainflammation appears to be a grand unifying factor predisposing apparently healthy persons to diseases. This is because all human diseases whether infectious and/or non- infectious involves infammation at the cellular level due to either early cell death(apoptosis) translating into specifc organ or gland disease or stem cell stimulation resulting in abnormal cellular proliferation and/or metastasis disease. This supports the hypothesis on the emergence and re-emergence of diseases due to changes in the cellular microenvironment in apparently healthy persons that stimulates a parainfammatory state [6, 7]. Apparently healthy state according to the WHO is a condition of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infrmity [8]. Disease on the other hand is a particular abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of part or all of an organism which is not due to any external injury [8]. Diseases can be general or local, acute or chronic. Basically, all human cells require four elements to maintain their physiological state namely food, water, oxygen and detoxifcation. The body is designed to remain in a physiological state (healthy) over a hundred years as long as these elements are effciently maintained. A breakdown of any of these elements at the cellular level alters the functionality of tissues and organs leading to harmful induction of different barrier systems in the body where the blood-brain barrier, the blood-retinal barrier, the blood-nerve barrier, the blood –lymph barrier and the blood-cerebrospinal fuid barrier. The barrier systems although unique are similarly structured and equipped with junctional complexes where different connexins, protein sub-units of gap junction channels and hemi- channels constitute important partners whose induction results in J Immuno Res & Reports, 2022 ABSTRACT Parainfammation also known as Low Grade Chronic Infammation (LGCI) is a subclinical condition that is not routinely diagnosed especially in apparently healthy persons. Te present review describes the parainfammatory theory of diseases a major risk factor to the emergence and re-emergence of diseases. We therefore recommend routine diagnostic tests, life style and dietary changes to limit the occurrence of parainfammation in apparently healthy persons as a preventive measure to combating the emergence and re-emergence of diseases. ISSN: 2754-5016 Volume 2(3): 1-2