Cancer, Benign Gynecology, and Sexual Function—Issues and Answers Nelson Bennett, MD, FACS, 1 Luca Incrocci, MD, PhD, 2 David Baldwin, MBBS, DM, FRCPsych, 3 Geoff Hackett, MD, FRCPI, MRCGP, 4 Ahmed El-Zawahry, MD, 5 Alessandra Graziottin, MD, 6 Monika Lukasiewicz, MD, 7 Kevin McVary, MD, 5 Yoshikazu Sato, MD, PhD, 8 and Michael Krychman, MD 9 ABSTRACT Introduction: The diagnosis, treatment, and survivorship of cancer have a profound effect on the quality of life and psychological well-being of men and women. Indeed, the perturbation of sexual function because of neoplasm has far-reaching implications. Aims: To explore the prevalence, pathophysiology, and treatment of sexual issues in persons with cancer and offer evidence-based recommendations regarding optimal prevention and treatment strategies. Methods: A committee of multidisciplinary specialists was formed as part of the larger International Sexual Medicine Consultation working with urologic and sexual medicine societies over a 1-year period to review the result of chronic-illness management on sexual function and satisfaction. The aims, goals, data collection techniques, and report format were defined by a central committee. Main Outcomes Measures: Expert consensus was based on evidence-based medical and psychosocial literature review, extensive group discussion, and an open presentation with a substantial discussion period. Results: This summary evaluates contemporary literature concerning the prevalence, pathophysiology, and psychological impact of cancer diagnosis and treatment on sexual dysfunction. Evidence-based recommendations and guidelines for evaluation and management are presented. Conclusion: The diagnosis and treatment of cancer have a significant negative impact on sexual function and satisfaction. Comprehension of baseline sexual function, role of psychological supports, and available treatment options could attenuate the heavy burden of decreased sexual function. J Sex Med 2016;13:519e537. Copyright Ó 2016, International Society for Sexual Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Key Words: Sexual Function; Cancer; Benign Gynecological Disease INTRODUCTION The impact of cancer and its treatments has wide-ranging effects on patients, partners, and families. Advances in surgical and medical treatment have greatly improved survival for patients with many types of cancer. The treatment of sexual dysfunction resulting from a medical condition, or commonly, from its treatment, has become an important component of medical care. Improved understanding of sexual physiology allows therapy of dysfunction that is more effective and the opportunity of pre- venting some disease-related or iatrogenic dysfunction. In this article, we review the sexual dysfunctions associated with cancer and its treatment. We address prevalence, patho- physiology, and the psychosocial factors contributing to sexual problems. Recommendations regarding prevention and treat- ment of sexual sequelae during and after cancer management are included. Received September 15, 2015. Accepted January 12, 2016. 1 Department of Urology, Lahey Hospital, Burlington, MA, USA; 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; 3 Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; 4 Good Hope Hospital, Sutton Coldfield, West Midlands, UK; 5 Division of Urology, SIU School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA; 6 H San Raffaele Resnati, Milan, Italy; 7 Ul. Sokratesa 5 lokal U2, Warsaw, Poland; 8 Department of Urology, Sanjukai Hospital, Sapporo, Japan; 9 Southern California Center for Sexual Health and Survivorship Medicine, Newport Beach, CA, USA Copyright ª 2016, International Society for Sexual Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.01.018 J Sex Med 2016;13:519e537 519