Research Article
The Psychosocial Experience of Adolescents with
Haematological Malignancies in Jordan:
An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis Study
Omar Al Omari
1,2
and Dianne Wynaden
2
1
Children and Young People’s Mental Health, Faculty of Nursing, Jerash University, P.O. Box 311, Jerash 26150, Jordan
2
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Curtin Health Innovation, Research Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U 1987,
Perth, WA 6845, Australia
Correspondence should be addressed to Omar Al Omari; al omari2000@yahoo.com
Received 30 August 2013; Accepted 12 October 2013; Published 5 January 2014
Academic Editors: A. M. Mitchell and M. A. Rose
Copyright © 2014 O. Al Omari and D. Wynaden. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.
Te qualitative research method of interpretive phenomenological analysis was used to explore the lived experience of 14 Jordanian
adolescents with haematological malignancies. Tey were admitted to two hospitals in Jordan and were interviewed for this study
twice during the frst six months afer receiving their diagnosis. Te results of this study revealed three themes: (1) Being in
hospital, (2) Te changing self, and (3) Fearing the unknown. When the participants were hospitalised due to their illness they
were removed from their families and friends and prevented from engaging in their normal daily routine. Participants also reported
receiving limited emotional and psychological support from health team members during hospitalisation. From the onset of cancer
treatments, the bio-psychosocial side efects of the chemotherapy became one of the most distressing factors for participants
afecting all aspects of their life and generated uncertainty about their future. Te fndings add to existing understanding of the
lived experiences of cancer patients and in particular Jordanian adolescents. Tey provide a valuable insight for clinicians into
improvements in service delivery to this group of patients.
1. Introduction
Jordan is located in the heart of the Middle East and has a
population of approximately six million people with young
people under the age of 18 years of age making up to 37% of
the total population. Jordan has one of the most advanced
health care services in the Arab region, and many people
come from other Arab countries to receive high level tertiary
care for illness such as heart disease and cancer [1]. In Jordan,
a signifcant number of adolescents live with cancer [2]. In
2007, the rate of cancer for patients aged between 10 and
19 years was 132 new cases per 100,000 populations and the
survival rate of these adolescents is poor when compared to
their counterparts in other ages groups [3, 4].
When an adolescent is diagnosed with HMs, delays
in treatment decrease the possibility of remission, worsen
the condition, and increase the possibility of complications
and death. However, treatment exposes the adolescent to
a range of diferent physical, psychological, social, and/or
spiritual experiences [5]. Teir lives and that of their family
changed forever from the time the diagnosis is made [6,
7]. Te adolescent endures long periods of hospitalisation
and invasive treatments [5, 7] as health care providers seek
improved outcomes for their patient. Te adverse efects of
this experience for the adolescent are alterations in their body
image, low levels of self-esteems, decreased social relation-
ships [7], poor peer acceptance, experiences of stigma, risks
for depression, and abnormal levels of stress [8, 9]. During
hospitalisation, they may also witness the death of other
adolescents who had similar illnesses to themselves [10]. HMs
also impact the social world of the adolescent; for example,
many have decreased rates of school attendance [11, 12] and
their illness impacts their educational outcomes and social
development [13]. Many people in Jordan also believe cancer
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
e Scientific World Journal
Volume 2014, Article ID 274036, 7 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/274036