Indian Journal of Image Processing and Recognition (IJIPR) ISSN: 2582-8037(Online), Volume-1 Issue-2, June 2021 1 Published By: Lattice Science Publication © Copyright: All rights reserved. Retrieval Number:100.1/ijipr.B1002041221 DOI:10.35940/ijipr.B1002.061221 Journal Website: www.ijipr.latticescipub.com Abstract: Image processing is the use of algorithms to perform various operations on digital images. The techniques that are explained further are image segmentation and image enhancement. Image Segmentation is a method to partition an image into multiple segments, to change the presentation of an image into something more meaningful and easier to analyze. The current image segmentation techniques include region-based segmentation and edge detection segmentation. Image Enhancement is the process of improving the quality of image. Under this section there are two broad divisions- Spatial Domain Technique and Frequency Domain Technique. Keywords: Image Enhancement, Segmentation, Image Processing, thresholding, Region Based, Spatial Domain I. INTRODUCTION An image contains a large amount of helpful information, understanding it and extracting information from it to attain work is an important area of demand in image technology, and the first step to inspect the image is image segmentation. Image segmentation is the decision of whether a given point of light (pixel) in an image is an element of an object or that of background. It is mainly used to find the object and boundaries in a picture. It can be said that image segmentation is the process of allotting a label to each pixel which is available in such a way that pixels having the same label have the same properties. Edge detection algorithm submits to the use of different region of pixel gray or color discontinuity detection region of the edge to file image segmentation. [1] The four basic steps of image segmentation are- • Smoothing - That means to minimize as much noise as feasible from the image, without destroying the actual edges in it. • Enhancement – To look for a filter to boost the quality of the edges in the image i.e. to blunt it mainly. • Detection – To identify which edge pixels must be not considered as sound and which should get retained. In general, thresholding provides the criterion used for recognition. • Localization – To find the actual position of an edge which means that sub-pixel resolution may be required for some Manuscript received on April 01, 2021. Revised Manuscript received on April 16, 2021. Manuscript published on June 10, 2021. * Correspondence Author Dr. Kamlesh Sharma, Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research & Studies, Faridabad, India. Email: kamlesh.fet@mriu.edu.in Nidhi Garg*, Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research & Studies, Faridabad, India. Email: nidhigarg.fet@mriu.edu.in © The Authors. Published by Lattice Science Publication (LSP). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) purpose, i.e. to approximate the place of edge for enhanced spacing between pixels. Linking and edge tapering and are usually required in this step [2]. 1.1 Image processing Image processing is a process of turning an image into a digital form and mostly performs some method on it, to obtain a recovered image or to get some useful information. It mainly includes below - given steps: 1. Importing the image. 2. Manipulating and analyzing the image. 3. Output (which gives a changed image or report based on analysis). The motive of image processing is categorized into five groups: 1. Visualization 2. Restoration and Image sharpening. 3. Image extraction. 4. Image recognition. 5. Capacity of patterns. Amidst other image processing techniques, image segmentation plays a crucial role in the analysis and extraction of information given by images. It is the sub-dividing an image into a set of pixels, according to homogeneity with value to some features such as color, texture, intensity, similarity between pixels of a region, etc. ‘ (a) Image Processing Methods: Image Processing has the following two methods • Analog Image Processing: It is done by working on analog signals; this process includes processing on two- dimensional analog signals In this type of processing the images are manipulated by electrical means by varying their electrical signal. • Digital Image Processing: In this image processing, a digital system has to be developed. This system is used to work on digital images. Digital image processing has benefitted over analog image processing with the passing time because of its large use of applications. 1.2 Segmentation The goal of image segmentation is to abridge the depiction of an image into such a thing which is more significant and easy to understand too. The purpose of dividing the image is to further analyze each object carefully to extract some useful data. Studies till now shows that the main issues that image segmentation faces are there are many image segmentation techniques present, An Extensive Review on Image Segmentation Techniques Kamlesh Sharma, Nidhi Garg