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Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2014; 2 (6): 213-216
ISSN 2320-7078
JEZS 2014; 2 (6): 213-216
© 2014 JEZS
Received: 24-10-2014
Accepted: 15-11-2014
Muhammad Mustafa
Department of plant pathology,
university of agriculture,
Faisalabad, Pakistan.
M. Imran
Directorate of Agriculture, Pest
Warning & Quality Control of
Pesticides, Punjab, Lahore,
Pakistan.
Amer Rasool
Directorate of Agriculture, Pest
Warning & Quality Control of
Pesticides, Punjab, Lahore,
Pakistan.
M. Azeem
Department of Soil Science, Pir
Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture
University, Rawalpindi, 46300,
Pakistan.
Adnan Riaz
Queensland Alliance for
Agriculture and Food Innovation.
The University of Queensland,
Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
M. Afzal
Directorate of Agriculture, Pest
Warning & Quality Control of
Pesticides, Punjab, Lahore,
Pakistan.
Correspondence:
M. Imran
Directorate of Agriculture, Pest
Warning & Quality Control of
Pesticides, Punjab, Lahore,
Pakistan.
Evaluation of commercial citrus cultivars for
resistance to citrus leaf miner and its management
Muhammad Mustafa, M. Imran, Amer Rasool, M. Azeem, Adnan Riaz
and M. Afzal
Abstract
To combat the problem of citrus leaf miner (CLM) which is the one of the important cause of Canker
disease development, a study was conducted in research area of the Department of Plant Pathology,
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 2008-09. Fifteen commercial citrus varieties were screened to find
out degree of resistance. Kinnow exhibited the resistant response against CLM attack. Blood red and
Mayer developed high CLM populations. Pine apple, mungal singh, jaffa and succari were moderately
susceptible to CLM attack, whereas tangerine, malta valentia late, feutral’s early, china lemon, grapefruit
musambi and sweet lemon showed susceptible response against CLM infestation. Plant extracts Withania
somnifera (Aksin), Achyranthes aspera (Akk) and pesticide (Fon 75%WP used to manage the citrus leaf
miner under field conditions on these fifteen citrus varieties. The most effective combination was Fon at
.3g/l plus Achyranthes aspera at 7.5% against CLM infestation as 17.37 f mean value of CLM incidence
as compared to control value 38.74a.
Keywords: infestation, pesticides, plant extracts, screening, susceptible.
1. Introduction
In Pakistan, Citrus has an important value as fruit plant. The present day citrus is delecz, juicy,
and seedless and of great nutritional significance as well
[10]
. Citrus is a member of Rutaceae
family and grown in varying densities in countries with tropical or subtropical climates. The
most delicious and edible varieties of citrus are Kinnow, Pine apple, Valencia late, Grape fruit,
Blood red, Chinese lime, Mayer lime, Sweet lime, Fuetrell's early, Jaffa, Succari, Tangrin,
Mungal Singh, and Musambi are included. It is used as best source of Vitamin C, sugars,
amino acids and other nutrients
[2]
. Pakistan has versatile climatic conditions and nearly all
types of fruits might be produced successfully. A large area of Pakistan has sub- tropical and
tropical climate.
Citrus is one of the most important productive and highly profitable fruit crop but
unfortunately its present status is threatened by a number of problems including low
production induced by pests. Of all the agricultural pests and diseases that threaten citrus crop,
citrus leaf miner (CLM), Phyllocnistis citrella is one of the major pests which adversely
affects plant health and fruit development and enhances the development of canker disease.
The CLM is a pest of citrus, which has undergone a very rapid range expansion during the last
ten years
[12]
. The intensity of the citrus canker disease increased with that of injuries caused by
CLM. The symptoms of the citrus canker disease appeared more rapidly, the ratio of plant
disease and the incidence were higher, and plants remained susceptible for long period. These
factors explained the association between the intensity of the disease symptoms and injuries
caused by the insect
[1]
. Exposure of leaf mesophyll during feeding allowed direct penetration
of Xac into leaf tissue. Also CLM larvae became contaminated with bacteria, disseminating
them through feeding galleries
[8, 5]
.
The feeding activities of CLM that enhance the bacterial infection. These are tearing of the
cuticle opened the mesophyll of the leaf to direct bacterial infection. When splash-dispersed or
windblown rain dispersed bacteria came in contact with the leaf surface. CLM wounds healed
more slowly than mechanical wounds, allowing a longer periods of exposure for bacterial
infection; and CLM larvae were contaminated with bacteria and transported them through
feeding galleries
[1]
.
Keeping in view the great economic importance of citrus canker disease and its vector CLM,
citrus cultivars are needed to be screened under natural field conditions against CLM.