Hybrid Electric Vehicle: Designing a Control of Solar/ Wind/ Battery/ Capacitor/ Fuel Cell Hybrid System K. Prakash School of Engineering & Physics The University of the South Pacific Suva, Fiji krishneel.prakash@usp.ac.fj Aneesh A. Chand & Kushal A Prasad School of Engineering & Physics The University of the South Pacific Suva, Fiji aneeshamitesh&kushalaniketp@gmail.com K A Mamun School of Engineering & Physics The University of the South Pacific Suva, Fiji kabir.mamun@usp.ac.fj Krishneel K Goundar School of Engineering & Physics The University of the South Pacific Suva, Fiji krishneel.goundar@usp.ac.fj F R Islam School of Science & Engineering University of Sunshine Coast Queensland, Australia fislam@usc.edu.au Sidharth Maharaj School of Engineering & Physics The University of the South Pacific Suva, Fiji s11087157@student.usp.ac.fj Abstract— This paper presents the design, simulation and control of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) based on renewable energy sources. The proposed HEV design utilizes solar ener- gy, wind energy, Fuel Cell (FC) which generates energy from Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) and a Super Capacitor (SC) to meet the strong torque requirements. The vehicle in- corporates a battery pack in conjunction with a SC for the power demands and FC as the backup energy supply. An al- ternator connected to turbine blades will rotate using wind energy when the car is moving forward and will produce elec- tricity to charge the battery. The aerodynamics force and all the respective resistive forces due to the wind turbine have been considered in the simulation. The design aims to ensure zero carbon emission, energy efficiency and light weight that will incorporate the use of in-wheel motors to eliminate the mechanical transmissions. To meet the vehicles power de- mands, the selection of energy sources are controlled by a rule based supervisory controller which follows a logical sequences that prioritize energy sources with the SC as a source in vehicle stop-and-go situations while battery will act as the primary source, FC as a backup supply and wind and solar power to recharge the battery. The controller also controls the energy flow from the alternator and monitors regenerative braking while switching to solar charging when the vehicle is parked. Keywords— Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV); Fuel Cell (FC); Super Capacitor (SC), Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM); Rule Based Control; Power Grid for HEV; Renewable Energy. I. INTRODUCTION For the clean and sustainable energy future, few most im- portant issues need to be addressed which includes use of fuel for transportation, utilization of renewable energy sources and finding smart ways of energy consumption [1- 2]. Energy researchers have identified that burning fossil fuels for our traditional means of transportation is one of the major cause of global warming and climate change [3-4]. As to reduce carbon footprints and become more environmen- tally friendly, traditional transportation systems require at- tention [5-6]; electric vehicles have entered the energy mar- ket as potential alternatives but these vehicles are dependent on the power grid for their battery to be charged [7]. Furthermore, few of the electric power grids are still us- ing fossil fuels to generate electricity as a result the so called green car or Electric Vehicle (EV) are also a reason for en- vironment pollution [8-10]. As the traditional automobile system cannot be instantly replaced by any other system, the most auspicious transportation solution is to design a new vehicle which will run completely from renewable energy sources with zero fossil fuel and/or low carbon emission which could be negligible and can be called zero carbon emission and introduce the vehicle as a part of the present transportation system. Electric Vehicles have had recent breakthroughs in the transportation industry, shifting from fossil fuel energy to renewable [10]. A number of researchers and manufactures around the world are working towards developing “Clean- Car” [11] or “Green-Car” [12] technologies, and some of the renewable energy source options that have been explored through various studies and developments are wind and so- lar [13-14]. EVs rely on electric power, hence the fuel economy of such vehicles are measured in kWh per 100 miles, as op- posed to miles per gallon of gasoline equivalent (mpge). The fuel economy of electric cars is dependent on the type of load carried for instance, according to [15-18] light duty electric vehicles today can surpass 100 mpge and can con- sume only 25-40 kWh driving 100 miles. While developing new transportation technologies, researchers or manufactur- ers must address carbon emissions issues together with fuel economy and efficiency of vehicles hence, clean energy sources should be selected that has low to approximately zero emissions. In this paper, the design of a Zero Fuel Zero Emission (ZFZE) car is presented that combines solar and wind ener- gy to charge the battery which is also the primary source, SC for regenerative braking and FC to drive in-wheel mo- tors which is technologically new in terms of designing a sustainable energy utilization system. These energy sources and relevant technologies for such a vehicle are found in various literatures [7–11]. Solar cells connected in series or parallel are used to con- vert the energy from the solar to electrical energy for use in an HEV. Each solar cell will generate from 0.5V to 0.8V and these cells will be combined using series and parallel connections to form solar cell arrays. The sizing of this ar- ray depends on the load requirement of the vehicle. Ad- vantages of a solar powered car include harvesting energy from a free and clean source, require low maintenance and produce no harmful emission. However, a solar powered car may lack speed and power of a regular car and the availabil- ity is totally dependent on the sun hours. The fuel cell is an electrochemical device that utilizes hy- drogen as its fuel and produces electrons, protons, heat and water as by-product. With continuous and constant supply of hydrogen gas to the cell, the fuel cell has the ability to produce electrical energy. The major benefit of using FC based cars is that there is no direct carbon dioxide emissions 2019 29th Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC) 978-1-7281-5043-7/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE 10.1109/AUPEC48547.2019.211802 Authorized licensed use limited to: University of the South Pacific. Downloaded on May 14,2020 at 22:52:56 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.