Advances in Life Science and Technology www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-7181 (Paper) ISSN 2225-062X (Online) Vol.41, 2016 41 The Effect of Semiconductor , He-Ne laser and Beta , Gamma irradiation on Leishmania donovani promastigote Raad Said Abd 1) ; Nebras Rada Mohammed 2 ; Khawlah Hori Zghair 3 ; Hanaa Salih Sabaa 1); Israa Salm Mousa 3) . 1)Department of Physics – College of Science – Al- Mustansiriya University. 2)Department of Biology – College of Science – Al- Mustansiriya University 3) Department of Biology – College of Science – Baghdad University Abstract This work evaluated the effect of Semiconductor , He-Ne laser and Beta , Gamma irradiation on Leishmania donovani promastigotes . The experiment included a control and tetraplicate of L. donovani promastigotes exposed to Semiconductor laser in (5, 10, 20, 30) minute , with wavelenghth 532 nm ; also use He-Ne laser in (5, 10 , 20 , 30 ) minute , with wavelenghth 6328 A° ; and effect of Beta and Gamma irradiation by 137 Cs isotopes , in dose 1.776*10 -4 sV of Beta ray (energy 0.514 MeV) and exposure to Gamma ray(energy 0.662 MeV) in dose 96.950 sV in 2hr. , cesium isotopes ( 137 Cs) that give two type of decay Gamma and Beta Rays . and exposure to 90 Sr that give one type of decay is Beta rays (energy 0.198 MeV) in dose 63.100 sV . The effect of Semiconductor , He-Ne laser and Beta, Gamma irradiation on the viability of L. donovani promastigote is count and percentage of killing count, the number of viable cells of L. donovani is fewer than control (without exposure to laser and irradiation ) , but percentage of killing is higher than control . Semiconductor laser , He-Ne laser and Beta , Gamma irradiation is efficient to killing L. donovani , and the remain of L. donovani after exposure to laser and irradiation is devoid flagellum and not cause reinfection but attenuated . Semiconductor , He-Ne laser and Beta , Gamma irradiation is effective to killing L. donovani . Keywords: Leishmania donovani , Vesiral leishmaniasis, laser types, laser wavelengths, Irradiation . Introduction Protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania cause a spectrum of diseases in humans, ranging from self- healing ulcers to potentially fatal visceral leishmaniasis, which affect millions of people worldwide (Matte, 2010). Leishmaniasis, is caused by obligate intra-macrophage protozoa, is endemic in large areas of the tropics, subtropics and the Mediterranean basin . it is caused by more than 20 leishmanial species and is transmitted to humans by ~30 different species of phlebotomine sand flies (Pearson and Sausa , 1996). Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is one type of leishmanial infections that remains asymptomatic or subclinical in many cases or can follow an acute or chronic course , The clinical symptoms are characterized by prolonged and irregular fever often associated with rigor and chills, splenomegaly lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, pancytopenia progressive anaemia and weight loss, It is always fatal if left untreated (Singh et al., 2006) . Among several drugs used in the treatment of leishmaniasis are; sodium stibogluconate, pentamidine or amphotericine B which is toxic and the administration of these drugs may require a prolonged stay in hospital (Chappuis et al., 2007). Furthermore, these drugs are expensive and their use is mostly limited in undeveloped and developing countries, Ineffectiveness of drugs against several species of Leishmania is another disadvantage (Barbosaa et al., 2012). It is not completely understood how these drugs act against the parasite; they may disrupt its energy production or trypanothione metabolism (Azeemi et al., 2011). Life-long immunity to VL has motivated development of prophylactic vaccines against the disease but very few have progressed beyond the experimental stage, No licensed vaccine is available till date against any form of leishmaniasis. High toxicity and increasing resistance to the current chemotherapeutic regimens have further complicated hesitation in VL endemic regions of the world , Advances in vaccinology, including recombinant proteins, novel antigen-delivery systems/ adjuvants, heterologous prime-boost regimens and strategies for intracellular antigen presentation, have contributed to recent advances in vaccine development against VL. Attempts to develop an effective vaccine for use in domestic dogs in areas of canine VL should be pursued for preventing human infection (Das and Ali, 2012). Previous studies have shown the effect of different types of rays like γ -ray, UV light and laser on Leishmania parasite , There are many sites for the application rays for example it’s used in vaccination and treatment (Al-Jeboory et al., 2007). Laser is an acronym of light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation and is advice that convert electrical energy into light energy , when laser beam encounters matter , photons are either reflected transmitted , scattered or absorbed . A portion of the beam might be reflected by being back scattered , transmitted without effect on the tissue or absorbed , absorption of laser lights depends on many parameters like wavelength and the types of tissues , there are three basic types of effect on living tissue such as photothermat , photochemical , and