Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Asian Journal of Psychiatry journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ajp The Persian version of the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS-P) Reza Rostami a, ⁎ , Reza Kazemi b , Mohammad-Reza Khodaie-Ardakani c , Laleh Sohrabi d , Somaie Ghiasi e , Zeynab Sadat Kamali a,d , Atefeh Zaryabi f , Zahra Ghiasi g , Zahra Nasiri d , Mehdi Rezaei h , Donald E. Addington i a Department of psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran b Cognitive lab, Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran c Razi Hospital, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran d Atieh Clinical Neuroscience Center, Tehran, Iran e Department of Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran f Department of Clinical Psychology, Allame Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran g Department of Psychiatry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran h Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran i Department of psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada ARTICLE INFO Keywords: Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia Persian version of the CDSS Depression Schizophrenia ABSTRACT Determining depression symptoms in schizophrenic patients is a challenging process because of a degree of similarity between depression symptoms and negative symptoms and the extrapyramidal side effects of neu- roleptic drugs, but it is crucial to evaluate and measure depression among patients with schizophrenia for a better clinical outcome. The Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) is a valid and reliable instrument used for the evaluation of depression in schizophrenia. This study aimed to determine the psychometric prop- erties of the Persian version of CDSS in a sample of people with schizophrenia. Clinical interviews were con- ducted with 95 schizophrenic patients (40 inpatients and 55 outpatients), who were assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS-17 and HDRS-24 items), and the Calgary Depression Rating Scale (CDSS). Then an exploratory factor analysis was conducted to determine cor- relations between scales, Cronbach’s alpha, and cutoff scores. The factor analysis led to the extraction of a unifactorial solution. The CDSS had significant relationships with PANSS Negative and PANSS General. However, it had no significant relationship with PANSS Positive and the PANSS Total. The CDSS also had sig- nificant relationships with HDRS-17 and HDRS-24. In addition, Cronbach’s alpha of total score, test-retest re- liability, and cutoff score were estimated at 0.86, 0.82, and 8 (sensitivity = 0.79 and specificity = 0.84), re- spectively. The findings support the CDSS unifactorial approach. Results also showed that the CDSS Persian version had acceptable psychometric properties; thus, it could be employed to evaluate depression among schizophrenic patients. 1. Introduction Nearly sixty-one percent of schizophrenic patients, men more than women, suffer from other comorbid disorders, including anxiety dis- orders, mood disorders, and substance abuse disorders (Das et al., 2018). Depression is one of the most common comorbid disorders with schizophrenia. The comorbidity of depression with schizophrenia has been estimated to be between 50% (Buckley et al., 2008) and 61% (Gozdzik-Zelazny et al., 2011). Depression can occur in every phase of schizophrenia (Zisook et al., 2006). In 30% of cases, depression may occur a few months after acute psychosis (Heald et al., 2008), a con- dition which is called post-schizophrenic depression according to the 10 th version of International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) (Bressan et al., 2003). There are two main hypotheses regarding the occurrence of de- pression in schizophrenic patients, one considering the side effect of antipsychotics as a main cause and the other considering depression symptoms as a natural course in the development of schizophrenia as https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2019.08.017 Received 17 July 2019; Received in revised form 29 August 2019; Accepted 29 August 2019 ⁎ Corresponding author at: Department of psychology, University of Tehran, Jalel-e-Al-Ahmad highway, Kardan St, Tehran, 1969713663, Iran. E-mail address: rrostami@ut.ac.ir (R. Rostami). Asian Journal of Psychiatry 45 (2019) 44–49 1876-2018/ © 2019 Published by Elsevier B.V. T