Research Article Investigation on Prevalence of Canine Trypanosomiasis in the Conservation Areas of Bwindi-Mgahinga and Queen Elizabeth in Western Uganda James Robert Ochieng , 1 Marta Planellas Bachs, 2 Anthony Nsubuga, 3 Innocent B. Rwego, 4 John Joseph M. Kisakye, 1 Laura Muro Riba, 5 and Jesus Muro Figueres 5 1 Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda 2 Departament de Medicina I Cirurgia Animals. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain 3 Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda 4 Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystem and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosafety (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda 5 Daktari East Africa, WARM Department, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda Correspondence should be addressed to James Robert Ochieng; jjamesro@gmail.com Received 15 May 2022; Accepted 18 August 2022; Published 10 September 2022 Academic Editor: John Kagira Copyright © 2022 James Robert Ochieng et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Nowadays, despite the instauration of several control strategies, animal trypanosomiasis continues to be reported all over Uganda. Few canine African trypanosomiasis (CAT) studies have been carried out, yet dogs are known Trypanosoma reservoirs that share identical home ranges with livestock and serve as parasite link between livestock and humans. This study evaluates the prevalence of CAT in dogs in the Bwindi-Mgahinga and Queen Elizabeth conservation areas. This information will be useful to evaluate the possible role of dogs in the transmission cycle of Trypanosoma species in livestock and wild animals. Trypanosome tests using microhematocrit centrifugation/dark ground microscopy technique (MHCT) followed by conventional polymerase chain reaction (cPCR) were performed in blood samples collected from identified indigenous dogs (n = 124). Four (3.23%) out of 124 dogs were positive for CAT. One dog was positive with Trypanosoma congolense and three with T. vivax. There was no significant statistical difference in CAT prevalence rate in relation to dog’s age, sex, and site (P >0:05). This study reports what we believe is the first time detection of T. congolense and T. vivax in the indigenous dogs found in the Bwindi-Mgahinga and Queen Elizabeth conservation areas in western Uganda. The noticed T. congolense and T. vivax could be responsible for both canine and animal trypanosomiasis and represent a serious threat to the livestock industry. Therefore, there is a need for continuous trypanosomiasis surveillance and integrated management in contiguity to wildlife reserves. 1. Introduction The African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT), commonly known as nagana, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Trypanosoma, transmitted by Glossina spp. (tsetse fly) and mechanically by hematophagous flies in the genus Stomoxys (stable fly) and Tabanus (horse flies), is prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa [1–3]. The reservoir hosts include wild and domestic animals [1–5]. AAT caused by Trypano- soma congolense, T. vivax, and T. simiae is a significant con- straint to livestock health and development [3, 6–9]. AAT annually affects hundreds of thousands of livestock espe- cially cattle in sub-Saharan Africa, leading to premature abortion, infertility, and a decline in meat, milk production, and draught power [6, 7, 9–13]. The AAT dominant vectors include Glossina morsitans, G. pallidipes, G. f. fuscipes, G. brevipalpis, G. m. morsitans, and G. p. palpalis [1, 8, 9]. Canine trypanosomiasis has been reported in the UK [14], Brazil [15], the USA [16, 17], Senegal [18], Zambia [4], Nigeria [19], Kenya [20], and Uganda [9, 21, 22]. Studies Hindawi Journal of Parasitology Research Volume 2022, Article ID 2606871, 7 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2606871