TYPE Original Research PUBLISHED 17 October 2022 DOI 10.3389/fneur.2022.980935 OPEN ACCESS EDITED BY Genko Oyama, Juntendo University, Japan REVIEWED BY Katsuo Kimura, Yokohama City University, Japan Sungyang Jo, University of Ulsan, South Korea Stephanie Cernera, University of California, San Francisco, United States *CORRESPONDENCE Fabian J. David fabian.j.david@northwestern.edu SPECIALTY SECTION This article was submitted to Movement Disorders, a section of the journal Frontiers in Neurology RECEIVED 29 June 2022 ACCEPTED 26 September 2022 PUBLISHED 17 October 2022 CITATION David FJ, Rivera YM, Entezar TK, Arora R, Drane QH, Munoz MJ, Rosenow JM, Sani SB, Pal GD, Verhagen-Metman L and Corcos DM (2022) Encoding type, medication, and deep brain stimulation differentially affect memory-guided sequential reaching movements in Parkinson’s disease. Front. Neurol. 13:980935. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2022.980935 COPYRIGHT © 2022 David, Rivera, Entezar, Arora, Drane, Munoz, Rosenow, Sani, Pal, Verhagen-Metman and Corcos. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Encoding type, medication, and deep brain stimulation differentially affect memory-guided sequential reaching movements in Parkinson’s disease Fabian J. David 1 *, Yessenia M. Rivera 1 , Tara K. Entezar 2 , Rishabh Arora 1 , Quentin H. Drane 1 , Miranda J. Munoz 1 , Joshua M. Rosenow 3 , Sepehr B. Sani 4 , Gian D. Pal 5 , Leonard Verhagen-Metman 6 and Daniel M. Corcos 1 1 Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States, 2 School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States, 3 Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States, 4 Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States, 5 Department of Neurology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States, 6 Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States Memory-guided movements, vital to daily activities, are especially impaired in Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, studies examining the effects of how information is encoded in memory and the effects of common treatments of PD, such as medication and subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS), on memory-guided movements are uncommon and their findings are equivocal. We designed two memory-guided sequential reaching tasks, peripheral-vision or proprioception encoded, to investigate the effects of encoding type (peripheral-vision vs. proprioception), medication (on- vs. off-), STN-DBS (on- vs. off-, while off-medication), and compared STN-DBS vs. medication on reaching amplitude, error, and velocity. We collected data from 16 (analyzed n = 7) participants with PD, pre- and post-STN-DBS surgery, and 17 (analyzed n = 14) healthy controls. We had four important findings. First, encoding type differentially affected reaching performance: peripheral-vision reaches were faster and more accurate. Also, encoding type differentially affected reaching deficits in PD compared to healthy controls: peripheral-vision reaches manifested larger deficits in amplitude. Second, the effect of medication depended on encoding type: medication had no effect on amplitude, but reduced error for both encoding types, and increased velocity only during peripheral-vision encoding. Third, the effect of STN-DBS depended on encoding type: STN-DBS increased amplitude for both encoding types, increased error during proprioception encoding, and increased velocity for both encoding types. Fourth, STN-DBS was superior to medication with respect to increasing amplitude and velocity, whereas medication was superior to STN-DBS with respect to reducing error. Frontiers in Neurology 01 frontiersin.org