https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020979019
International Journal of
Social Psychiatry
1–3
© The Author(s) 2020
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DOI: 10.1177/0020764020979019
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E CAMDEN SCHIZOPH
Background
The incidence and fear of COVID-19 continue to devastate
the globe compromising the lives of over a million. As of
17th November 2020, India stands as the second-worst
affected country with approximately 8.10 million recorded
confirmed cases, and deaths totaling up to 131,435
(Government of India). India’s unprecedented lockdown
measures and direct diversion of the country’s limited
financial and workforce resources to manage COVID-19
have further aggravated India’s pre-existing fragile health
system causing immense disruption of essential healthcare
services. Evidence suggests that the country had witnessed
significant difficulties and a sharp decline in accessibility
and uptake of essential maternal healthcare services when
it was under strictest lockdown (The Times of India, 2020).
Although the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare,
Government of India identified pregnant women as the
‘high risk group’ and ensured uninterrupted access to
essential maternal health services by issuing guidelines in
mid-April 2020, health facilities are currently facing
immense challenges to maintain the demand (Ministry of
Health and Family Welfare, 2020). More than 50% of
institutional deliveries in India including urban and rural
take place in public health facilities with rest occurring in
private facilities and trustees (International Institute for
Population Sciences Mumbai, 2016). With decades of
efforts in place, India has indeed achieved progress in
averting preventable maternal deaths by approximately
56% decrease in maternal mortality ratio (MMR) (254 in
2004 to 113 in 2018) with a significant rise in safe institu-
tional and home deliveries in the presence of skilled birth
attendants (Government of India, 2018; International
Institute for Population Sciences Mumbai, 2016).
Impact of COVID-19 on maternal
health
Public health experts are nonetheless agonized by the dire
situation speculating occurrence of additional maternal
and newborn deaths in coming months through unsafe and
untimely deliveries and abortions. A recent report pub-
lished in Lancet estimated an additional 56,700 and
115,700 maternal and child deaths respectively in low and
middle-income countries (LMICs including India) under
the scenario of 45% reduction in the supply of maternal
health services stretched for six months (Roberton et al.,
2020). Alongside, the United Nations Population Fund and
partners forecasted around seven million unintended preg-
nancies in India under interrupted access to essential fam-
ily planning services (UNFPA, 2020).
With pre-existing dearth and uneven distribution of
trained healthcare providers and facilities, and recently
overwhelming COVID-19 patients, the state, district, and
in few cases block public facilities are immensely strug-
gling to cater the current demand. Concerning reports from
India suggest that due to facility closures, unanticipated
denials from facilities, misbehavior and mistreatment
(obstetric violence) by the healthcare providers, poor
transport communication, and fear of infection (avoidance
of visiting healthcare facilities), pregnant women are expe-
riencing immense physical and mental hardships in access-
ing safe maternity care (MahatabAlam, 2020; Shrivastava
& Sivakami, 2020). Evidence from previously published
studies indicate that these severe forms of negative and
frightening experiences during pregnancy specifically dur-
ing the periods of labor and delivery could directly affect
the mental health of women leading to symptoms of
depression, posttraumatic stress disorders, fear of child-
birth and sometimes severe forms of birth-related phobia
known as ‘tokophobia’ (Jha et al., 2018).
Growing burden of fear of childbirth
and associated factors
Globally, the prevalence of fear of childbirth lies between
3.7% and 43% (O’Connell et al., 2017). The data on the
prevalence of fear of childbirth in India with few available
studies indicate it is 13% (facility level, Chhattisgarh,
Fear of childbirth amid COVID-19
in India: Neglected aspect of
maternal mental health
Ria Saha
1
and Suresh Jungari
2
1
Independent Research Consultant, London, UK
2
Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune
University, Pune, India
Corresponding author:
Suresh Jungari, Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai
Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India.
Email: sureshjungariiips@gmail.com
979019ISP 0 0 10.1177/0020764020979019International Journal of Social PsychiatrySaha and Jungari
letter 2020
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