REVIEW 1800105 (1 of 29) © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim www.particle-journal.com Graphene and Graphene-Based Materials in Biomedical Science Poyye Dsouza Priya Swetha, Hosabettu Manisha, and Kariate Sudhakaraprasad* P. D. Priya Swetha, H. Manisha, Dr. K. Sudhakaraprasad Nanomaterials Research Laboratory (NMRL) Nanodivison Yenepoya Research Centre Yenepoya (Deemed to be University) Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, India E-mail: ksprasadnair@yenepoya.edu.in The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.201800105. DOI: 10.1002/ppsc.201800105 furthermore goes about as a layer which is impermeable to any molecules, [4] this inherent nature has built up another chapter of innovative research because of its above said one of a kind proper- ties. Consequently, more endeavours have been placed in logical analysis, especially in various fields and for other graphene- based materials for commercial and scien- tific applications. Many methods can orchestrate graphene and mention few, they are, chemical vapor deposition, microme- chanical method, an electrochemical method, chemical method, photocatalytic or thermal reduction, etc. [1] Wide varie- ties of graphene are produced using these above-said techniques, and few exam- ples include, graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxides (rGO), which are known for their essential utilizations, the surface functionalities on GO and rGO accept a fundamental part in their cata- lytical activities. Graphene has some phys- ical and substance properties which are novel, consequently can be utilized as a standard material for various applications, [5] such as nanoelec- tronics, [6] composite elements, [7] energy technology (for exam- ples, fuel cell, super capacitor, hydrogen storage), [8,9] sensors, and catalysis. [10] Typically graphene and other graphene derived compounds are applied in various types of capacitors, touch screens materials, power modules used in different appliances, in development and manufacturing of electrical gadgets, sen- sors for identifying multiple compounds, batteries in wide variety of applications, conductive films which are transparent for various uses, in removal of toxic compounds, high recur- rence circuits, and in electronic compounds. Graphene has been as of late utilized for forms other than hardware and chemistry, that is toward biomedical applications. [11a,b] One of the most promising applications for graphene in biomed- ical technologies; as a perfect single-biomolecule recognition sensor stage to recognize particular target biomolecules with high affectability and selectivity, examination of blood and dif- ferent samples containing specific biocompounds utilizing a graphene-based coordinated chip. [12] Because of their unique structures and exciting properties, graphene-based nanoma- terials also have discovered applications in bioimaging, drug delivery, and photothermal therapies. The initial reports on the biomedical uses of graphene ascended in 2008. [13,14] Henceforth, graphene and its substrates Graphene and its composite materials are very important in many disci- plines of science and have been used enormously by researchers since their discovery in 2004. These are a new group of compounds, and are also wonderful model systems for quantum behavior studies. Their properties like exceptional conductivity, biocompatibility, surface area, mechanical strength, and thermal properties make them rising stars in the scientific community. Graphene and its composite compounds are utilized widely in different medical applications, for example, biosensing of biological compounds responsible for disease development, bioimaging of various cells, tissues, microorganisms, animal models, etc. In addition, they are used for enhancing and supporting the stem cell differentiation, i.e., regenerative medicine for regeneration studies of various human organs, tissue engineering in biology for the development of carrier materials, as well as in bone reformation. This review focuses on the modification procedure involved in the fabrication of graphene-based biomaterials for various applications and recent develop- ments in research related to graphene and graphene-based materials in biosensing, optical sensing, gas sensing, drug, gene, protein delivery, tissue engineering, and bioimaging. In addition, the potential toxicological effects of graphene-based biomaterials are discussed. Graphene-Based Materials 1. Introduction Graphene, a carbon material, has opened up another period of the investigation because of its unique properties. Graphene is made up of carbon atoms, which is atomic crystal, and these carbon atoms are formed as a hexagonal lattice which pro- vides a structural resemblance of a honeycomb. The carbon molecules present are sp 2 hybridized. [1] Graphene is the most slender (thin) and the active molecule, [2] the charge bearers available on graphene are massless; it is incredibly conductive both electrically and thermally, has wonderful adaptable nature, with high surface territory and is moreover transparent [3] and Part. Part. Syst. Charact. 2018, 1800105