Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Optik journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijleo Original research article Optical solitons in birefringent fibers for Radhakrishnan–Kundu–Lakshmanan equation with five prolific integration norms Yakup Yıldırım a , Anjan Biswas b,c,d,e , Mehmet Ekici f , Houria Triki g , O. Gonzalez-Gaxiola h, *, Abdullah Kamis Alzahrani c , Milivoj R. Belic i a Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, Cyprus b Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL 35762-4900, USA c Department of Mathematics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia d Department of Applied Mathematics, National Research Nuclear University, 31 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115409, Russian Federation e Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0008, South Africa f Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Arts, Yozgat Bozok University, 66100 Yozgat, Turkey g Radiation Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University, P. O. Box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria h Departamento de Matematicas Aplicadas y Sistemas, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana–Cuajimalpa, Vasco de Quiroga 4871, 05348 Mexico City, Mexico i Science Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, PO Box 23874, Doha, Qatar ARTICLE INFO Keywords: Solitons Birefringence Dispersion Nonlinear Schrödinger equation ABSTRACT The current work handles dispersive optical solitons in birefringent fibers by the aid of five integration technologies. The governing model is the Radhakrishnan–Kundu–Lakshmanan equation. These lead to the emergence of bright, dark, combo and singular optical solitons whose existence criteria are also presented. 1. Introduction One of the familiar models to address dispersive optical solitons is Radhakrishnan–Kundu–Lakshmanan (RKL) equation. It has gained popularity during the last decade when an abundance of results have been reported [1–12]. These results have been confined to polarization-preserving fibers. It is about time to move further along so that more grounds are covered. Therefore, the current paper addresses dispersive optical solitons, modeled by RKL equation, in birefringent fibers [13]. The governing model is first penned down in the next subsection. Subsequently, five prolific integration schemes are implemented that revealed bright, dark, singular as well as dark-bright combo soliton solution to the governing model. Thus, a full spectrum of optical solitons are yielded after the successful implementation of five integration algorithms. These solutions are listed along with their existence criteria that are re- flected in their respective parameter algebra. The details are sketched through, after a thorough introduction to the governing model. 1.1. Governing model The RKL model in polarization-preserving fibers with the Kerr law is: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.164550 Received 28 January 2020; Accepted 11 March 2020 ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail address: ogonzalez@correo.cua.uam.mx (O. Gonzalez-Gaxiola). Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics 208 (2020) 164550 0030-4026/ © 2020 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. T