477 Abstract This book has catalogued the impacts of rodents at an international scale and establishes that sustainable and ecologically-compatible management of rodent pests should be of equal importance to that of insect and weed pest management. Ecologically-based rodent management (EBRM) is a holistic approach to rodent management, but must be understood at all levels—by decision-makers, extension staff, scientists and the end-users. Inevitably more basic and strategic research will be required before appropriate strategies for EBRM are developed, and different constraints will apply in different situations when considering its implementation. Clearly EBRM must be finely targeted to specific agro-ecosystems and pest species. New technologies, conventional and biotechnological, will be developed over the next decades. Of critical importance will be full assessment of these before their adoption and widespread implementation. Training of the next generation of scientists and managers is also an essential element of EBRM because the solution to rodent management problems is complex and must be considered as a long term problem requiring continuing development and application. Keywords Ecologically-based rodent management, rodent pests, training, developing countries 23. Ecologically-based Rodent Management in Developing Countries: Where to Now? Herwig Leirs, Grant R. Singleton and Lyn A. Hinds