Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Marine Pollution Bulletin journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/marpolbul Review Marine debris in Indonesia: A review of research and status Noir P. Purba a, ⁎ , Dannisa I.W. Handyman a , Tri D. Pribadi b , Agung D. Syakti c , Widodo S. Pranowo d , Andrew Harvey e , Yudi N. Ihsan a a Marine Research Laboratory (MEAL), University of Padjadjaran, Indonesia b Biology Department, University of Padjadjaran, Indonesia c Marine Science and Fishery Faculty, University of Raja Ali Haji Maritime, Indonesia d Marine and Coastal Data Laboratory, Ministry of Marine and Fishery Affairs, Indonesia e Mantawatch International, Indonesia ARTICLE INFO Keywords: Marine debris National Action Plan Indonesia Macro-micro litter Transboundary trash Marine activities ABSTRACT With the status as the world's top contributor of marine plastic debris, Indonesia has committed to reduce marine plastic debris up to 70% in 2025 by establishing the National Action Plan (NAP) on Marine Debris. The high amount of marine plastic debris as a result of transport and accumulation become a complex issue in Indonesia due to its ocean-atmospheric circulation, high population of coastal communities, and marine activities. Based on our findings, there are gap of publications related to marine debris in Indonesia that had been already published. Marine debris is ubiquitous and transboundary, as they were found in marine environment and transported by currents to various direction including uninhabited islands, thus, we propose more compre- hensive future research about the impact of marine debris on ecosystem (e.g. biological impact of organisms in the water column, ecological alteration in distribution pattern, and invasive species), human health, and eco- nomic loss. 1. Introduction Marine Debris (MD) or Marine Litter or ocean garbage is “any persistent, manufactured or processed solid material discarded, dis- posed of or abandoned in the marine and coastal environment” (UNEP, 2005). One type of MD is plastic has a significant and growing com- ponent, comprising between 60 and 80% of global MD (Derraik, 2002). During the latter half of the 20th century, the proportion of plastic in municipal waste increased by an order of magnitude, from 1% in the 1960s (EPA, 2011) to at least 10% in 61 out of 105 countries surveyed in 2005 (Hoornweg et al., 2013). The proportion of total plastic waste that leaks into ocean ecosystems may range from 1.7 to 4.6% (Jambeck et al., 2015) to as much as 10% (Avio et al., 2017). As much as 12.7 million MT of plastic entered the world oceans in 2010 (Jambeck et al., 2015), with broad consensus that leakage rates are on an increasing trajectory that is unlikely to reverse before 2100 (Hoornweg et al., 2013). The greatest volumes of MD are produced by those countries that also have the largest populations and fastest rates of economic growth (Jambeck et al., 2015). While China produces the most MD, Indonesia is ranked second, closely followed by Philippines, Vietnam, and Sri Lanka (Table 1). MD impacts all ocean ecosystems from the sea surface to the sea floor including, most visibly, along coastlines (Barnes et al., 2009; Obbard et al., 2014), posing a threat to marine wildlife (Goldberg, 1995) and human health (Thompson et al., 2009). Marine mammals, seabirds, turtles and fishes are among the most impacted organisms (Laist, 2011; Derraik, 2002; Allsopp et al., 2006), with ingestion (Thompson et al., 2004; Von Moos et al., 2012; Avio et al., 2015a; Avio et al., 2015b) and entanglement (Gregory, 2009) being major threats. MD may form rafting materials that aid the dispersal of marine or- ganisms and provide a mechanism for alien species to invade new ha- bitats (Barnes, 2002; Barnes and Milner, 2005; Andrady, 2011). It is speculated that ingested MD has the potential to transfer toxic sub- stances to the food chain (Teuten et al., 2009) that may be correlated with adverse effects in the human population (e.g. Swan et al., 2005; Swan, 2008; Lang et al., 2008). These negative aesthetic, biological, and ecological impacts have the potential to affect diverse economic sectors of the economy, including fisheries, tourism, shipping and public health, and are estimated to result in economic damage to global marine ecosystems that exceeds US$ 13 billion each year (United Nations Environment Programme, 2014). Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic nation, with 17,504 islands and a coastline that extends > 54,716 km. It is the epicenter of the world's marine biodiversity (Stehli and Wells, 2006; Veron, 1995; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.05.057 Received 25 March 2019; Received in revised form 25 May 2019; Accepted 25 May 2019 ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail address: noir.purba@unpad.ac.id (N.P. Purba). Marine Pollution Bulletin 146 (2019) 134–144 0025-326X/ © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. T