0885-8977 (c) 2016 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information. This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPWRD.2016.2561238, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 1 Abstract—Electronic-smart meters are increasingly installed in electricity networks of many countries. In several cases, their operation in parallel with Photovoltaic (PV) inverters and other power electronic devices can result in measurement errors reaching up to 45%. In practice, this problem cannot be tackled by current standards due to the gap in standardization of electromagnetic immunity and emissions in the 2-150 kHz range. This paper provides a comprehensive review of international and national standards, guidelines, technical reports and papers on this challenging Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) issue highlighting the gap in the 2-150 kHz range. The ongoing standardization activity to establish both emission and immunity levels and suitable testing procedures is described in detail. Laboratory setups for testing the immunity of smart meters and the emissions of grid-tie inverters are described and experimental results to validate the suitability of the proposed approaches are presented. Index Terms—Electromagnetic compatibility, Electromagnetic interference, Electronic meter, Smart meter, Distributed power generation, Immunity, Emissions, Power electronics, Testing I. INTRODUCTION HE LARGE scale deployment of electronic meters is in progress in many countries, mostly encouraged by governmental policies to promote active consumer participation in order to achieve energy savings. Nowadays, almost one-in three households in the USA have a smart-meter [1], while in the EU it is foreseen that 170-180 million will be installed by 2020 [2]. Smart-meters are reported to offer This work was co-funded by the European Commission within the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) DERri under grant agreement no 228449. We also wish to acknowledge the financial support of HEDNO, the Hellenic Electricity Distribution Network Operator. P. Kotsampopoulos, A. Rigas, G. Messinis and A. Dimeas are with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), 15780, Zografou, Greece (e-mail: {kotsa; gmessinis; adimeas}@power.ece.ntua.gr; arigas@mail.ntua.gr) J. Kirchhof is with the Fraunhofer IWES, 34119, Kassel, Germany. (e-mail: joerg.kirchhof@iwes.fraunhofer.de) N. Hatziargyriou is with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens and the Hellenic Electricity Distribution Network Operator (HEDNO) (email: nh@power.ece.ntua.gr) V. Rogakos and K. Andreadis are with the Hellenic Electricity Distribution Network Operator (HEDNO), 11743, Athens, Greece (e-mail: v.rogkakos@deddie.gr; K.Andreadis@deddie.gr ). . considerable advantages to energy retailers and consumers, while several efforts have been reported to enhance their functionalities, e.g. [3][4]. Nevertheless, malfunction of electronic meters and other appliances (e.g. for Power Line Communication (PLC)), when used in combination with Photovoltaic (PV) inverters and other power electronic devices, have been reported in different countries [5]-[8]. In several occasions, the energy measured by the electronic meter proves to be significantly lower than the actual consumption or production. Clearly, in view of the ambitious targets for large-scale deployment of smart meters in many countries and the increasing connection of power electronic converters in distribution networks, such as PV inverters, this problem might have serious operational, financial and legal implications. This Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) [9] problem was first recognized in Germany in 2007 [10]. Later on, field- tests at Low Voltage (LV) PV installations, performed in 2009, showed a deviation of -20% in energy measurements [5]. In 2010, the Swedish Board for Accreditation and Conformity Assessment reported malfunction cases of electronic meters affected by other devices, such as heat pumps, TVs, Personal Computers and fluorescent lamps [8] and highlighted the inefficiency of current immunity standards (EN-50470-1 and EN50470-3) to deal with the problem. In Greece deviations at LV PV installations have been detected reaching up to -45% in cases. This issue has been also addressed by the European Smart Metering Industry Group (ESMIG) [11], in the public consultation for the Measuring Instrument Directive (MID) 2004/22/EC [12] and reported in several publications and reports [13][14][15]. An overview of the topic is provided in [16] and more recent investigations are reported in [17] (concerning thermal stress of lamps with electronic ballast, audible noise of electronic ballasts, malfunctions of coffee machines). The standardization gap in immunity in the 2-150 kHz range is a fact, concerning immunity standards for electronic meters, while emission limits for power electronic interfaced devices or power sources (e.g. PV inverters) have not been defined in this frequency range either. It should be noted that in normal operation, the converter switching frequency is common within this range. The emission of high-frequency current harmonics by power electronic interfaced devices EMC issues in the interaction between smart meters and power electronic interfaces P. Kotsampopoulos, Student Member, IEEE, A. Rigas, J. Kirchhof, G. Messinis, A. Dimeas, Member, IEEE, N. Hatziargyriou, Fellow, IEEE, V. Rogakos, K. Andreadis T