Research Article Evaluation of the Effect of Hydroethanolic Root Extract and SolventFractionsof Cyphostemma adenocaule (Steud.exA.Rich) Descoings ex Wild & Drummond on Cell-Mediated Immune Response and Blood Cell Count in Mice Dehnnet Abebe , 1 Gomathi Periasamy , 2 Aman Karim , 2 and Helen Bitew 2 1 Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia 2 Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia Correspondence should be addressed to Dehnnet Abebe; dehnnetabebe@gmail.com Received 30 May 2020; Revised 8 December 2020; Accepted 27 January 2021; Published 10 February 2021 Academic Editor: C´ elia Cabral Copyright © 2021 Dehnnet Abebe et al. is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Introduction. Cyphostemma adenocaule (Steud. ex A. Rich) Descoings ex wild & Drummond (Vitaceae) has been used in traditional medicine for the management of various immunological and hematological disorders in different areas of Ethiopia and the rest of the world. In Ethiopia, the plant is used for the management of enlarged spleen, rabies virus, helminthic infection, snake bite, and various types of tumors. Objective. To evaluate the effect of hydroethanolic root extract and solvent fractions of Cyphostemma adenocaule on cell-mediated immunity (delayed-type hypersensitivity), organ index (spleen and liver), and blood cell count in Swiss albino mice. Materials and Methods. Acute oral toxicity test was conducted using nulliparous and nonpregnant Swiss albino mice following OECD 425 limit test method. Delayed-type hypersensitivity model was used to evaluate the effect on cell-mediated immunity. e experimental animals were divided into twelve groups which were sensitized and challenged with sheep red blood cells on day 0 and day 7, respectively. Levamisole 50 mg/kg was used as stimulant control, whereas cyclo- phosphamide 30 mg/kg was used as suppressant control. Hydroethanolic root extract (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg), aqueous fraction (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg), and n-butanol fraction (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg) were administered for seven days. e paw volume was measured using a digital plethysmometer before challenge and 24 hours after challenge. Blood was collected, and organs (spleen and liver) were isolated from each challenged mouse to determine blood cell count and organ index, respectively. Results. No mortality and noticeable behavioral changes were observed among all mice receiving hydroethanolic root extract and solvent fractions at a dose of 2000 mg/kg. Hydroethanolic root extract and solvent fractions of Cyphostemma adenocaule showed enhancement of delayed-type hypersensitivity, organ index, and blood cell count. Hydroethanolic root extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg showed the highest and statistically significant stimulation of delayed-type hypersensitivity (0.123 ± 0.010) and blood cell count compared to the vehicle. Conclusion. Hydroethanolic root extract and solvent fractions of Cyphostemma adenocaule showed a stimulatory effect on cell-mediated immunity and hematopoiesis. 1.Introduction Alteration of the structure and functions of the immune system leads to suppression or stimulation of the immune response. e immune system which can be innate or adaptive is responsible for the protection of the body from infection and other immunological disorders [1]. e whole plant and phytoconstituents of many plants of various taxonomic classes exhibited immunomodulatory properties to an antigenic material that gets access to the body of living cells. Cyphostemma adenocaule (Vitaceae family) is an herbaceous climber widely distributed in Ethiopia [2]. In traditional medicine, C. adenocaule has been used for the treatment of various illnesses such as malaria, Hindawi Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2021, Article ID 1838903, 6 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/1838903