572 Copyright © 2016, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited. Chapter 29 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-9461-3.ch029 Human Enhancement Technologies and Democratic Citizenship ABSTRACT This chapter articulates that scholars write about Human Enhancement Technologies (HET) in two ways. This is not a refection of a reality in the literature but rather a heuristic designed to contextual- ize democratic citizenship within contemporary HET discussions. The frst way is to write about HET as possible realities far of into the future. The second way is to write about HET that can be realised seemingly as soon as tomorrow. For democratic citizenship, writing in the frst case is either utopian or dystopian. It is either the projection of democracy’s total triumph or its utter collapse caused by the type of rots that lead to democide. But writing in the second case is stimulating and vibrant. There are, for example, numerous calls for HET-led reforms in the literature. These reforms are needed to help answer the crisis of the citizen’s august discontent (the growing and increasingly legitimized political apathy and political abstention observed in, and performed by, the citizenry). The purpose of this chapter is to focus on this second case–this more developed body of literature–and to theorise the interface between democratic citizenship and HET. INTRODUCTION As an area of study, citizenship boasts a large and varied body of literature. Key foci include the more traditional concern about an individual’s relationship with the state, or the fulfilment of public duties, to the more contemporary concern of justifying an individual’s avoidance of public duties. Despite the breadth of this body of lit- erature, an area remains understudied. And that is the theorisation of citizenship’s futurism. The former is an aspect to the philosophy of citizenship which questions, among other areas, the future directions of the normative values associated with citizenship. Scholars (see for example Mossberger, Tolbert & McNeal, 2007; Taylor-Gooby, 2008; Isin & Nielsen, 2008; Rohrer, 2009) have certainly been projecting normative arguments about what Jean-Paul Gagnon Australian Catholic University, Australia