The rediscovery of Philcoxia goiasensis (Plantaginaceae): lectotypification and notes on morphology, distribution and conservation of a threatened carnivorous species from the Serra Geral de Goiás, Brazil André Vito Scatigna 1 , Aryanne Golçalves Amaral 2,3 , Cássia Beatriz Rodrigues Munhoz 3 , Vinicius Castro Souza 4,5 & André Olmos Simões 6 Summary. We report the rediscovery of Philcoxia goiasensis, a rare carnivorous plant that was until recently only known from the type collection. We lectotypify the species and provide an updated description along with notes on morphology, distribution and conservation. We also present refined illustrations and the first known photographs of P. goiasensis in the wild. It was recently collected in two locations in the Northeast of Goiás, Brazil and is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR). Key Words. Cerrado, endemism, extinction, Gratioleae, inflorescence, Terra Ronca. Introduction Philcoxia P. Taylor & V. C. Souza is a genus of carnivorous plants of the tribe Gratioleae of the Plantaginaceae. It comprises fi ve species — P. bahiensis V. C. Souza & Harley, P. goiasensis P. Taylor, P. minensis V. C. Souza & Giul., P. rhizomatosa Scatigna & V. C. Souza and P. tuberosa M. L. S. Carvalho & L. P. Queiroz — all of them exhibiting narrow distributions in patches of sandy soil in the Brazilian Cerrado and Caatinga, within the confines of the Espinhaço Range and the Serra Geral de Goiás (Souza & Giulietti 2009; Carvalho & Queiroz 2014; Scatigna et al. 2015). The genus consists of annual or perennial herbs with peltate leaves at or below the soil surface that trap and digest nema- todes, flowers arranged in a helicoid inflorescence, androecium with two stamens and monothecous anthers (Taylor et al. 2000; Fritsch et al. 2007; Souza & Giulietti 2009; Pereira et al. 2012), features that make Philcoxia an exceptional lineage within Plantaginaceae. The first specimen of Philcoxia was collected in 1966 in the municipality of Posse, north-eastern Goiás. Peter Taylor, from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, drew up an illustration and a description, but laid the material aside for over 20 years (Taylor et al. 2000). By the time the genus was described by Taylor et al. ( 2000 ), and later, when an account of the Scrophulariaceae of Brazil was published by Souza & Giulietti (2009), P. goiasensis was only known from the type collection, despite the many attempts to find the plant in the original location (Taylor et al. 2000). In 2012 a specimen of P. goiasensis collected in 2001, c. 26 km of Posse, was found among various undeter- mined Lentibulariaceae in the SPF herbarium, São Paulo. Following the coordinates provided by the collection from SPF, we tried to find P. goiasensis in July 2012, but the area had recently been burned and we could not locate it. Despite the rarity and lack of knowledge regarding this species, Philcoxia goiasensis was not included in the official list of threatened species of the Flora of Brazil Accepted for publication 7 July 2016. 1 Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil. e-mail: andre_vs13@hotmail.com 2 Museu de Biologia Mello Leitão, Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica, CEP 29650-000, Santa Teresa, ES, Brazil. 3 Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, CEP 70910-970, Brasília, DF, Brazil. 4 Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. 5 Escola Nacional de Botânica Tropical, Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, CEP 22460-036, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. 6 Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil. KEW BULLETIN (2016) 71:41 DOI 10.1007/S12225-016-9653-6 ISSN: 0075-5974 (print) ISSN: 1874-933X (electronic) © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2016