LVTTL Based Energy Efficient Watermark Generator Design and Implementation on FPGA B. Pandey, Amanpreet Kaur CU Research and Innovation Network (CURIN), Chitkara University (CU), India bishwajeet.pandey@chitkara.edu.in T Kumar, T Das, MA Rahman Department of Computer Science South Asian University, India gyancity@gyancity.com D. M. Akbar Hussain Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark akh@et.aau.dk Abstract— In print image, a watermark is an identifiable pattern which when viewed by reflected light seems to have different shades of lightness. In digital image, a watermark is a pattern, which is embedded in image to ensure the security and quality of an image. In this work, our main concern is design of energy efficient Watermark Generator (WMG) for video frame in order to gain extended life of the battery in the camera because the WMG is embedded into camera. We have assumed that target device is operating under five different frequencies and five different drive strength values. Low voltage Transistor-transistor logic (LVTTL) IO standard is used in this design to make it power optimized. This design is implemented on Kintex-7 FPGA, Device XC7K70T and -3 speed grades. When we are scaling the device operating frequency from 100GHz to 5GHz, there is 94.93% saving in total power of the watermark generator. It is also observed that when we scale down the drive strength from 24mA to 4mA, we achieve 3-4% saving in IO power of the target device. Keywords— LVTTL, IO Standard, Watermark Generator (WMG), Energy Efficient, FPGA. I. INTRODUCTION The main motive behind energy efficient Watermark Generator (WMG) design is to gain extended life of the battery in the camera because the WMG is embedded into camera. LVTTL input/output standards is EIA/JESD standard for 3.3V output source voltage (VCCO) based applications. LVTTL standard does not use either reference voltage (VREF) or termination voltage (VTT) [2]. The schematic in Figure 1 shows unidirectional and bidirectional LVTTL termination. Below LVTTL schematic shows source-series and parallel terminated topologies. Fig. 1. Schematic of LVTTL IO Standard [2] LVTTL is used to avoid transmission line reflection in Water- Mark Generator (WMG). Since simple watermark data is vulnerable of any simple attack. Therefore, encipher is used for primitive watermark sequence encoding to ensure security of the primitive watermark data before embedding in video frame. In current scenario, there are various method to generate 3-D digital watermark [3], and Audio watermarking [4]. A 3D watermarking algorithm is proposed by integrating computational integral imaging (CII) and cellular automata transform (CAT) [3]. An audio watermarking scheme in fast Fourier transform (FFT) domain based on singular value decomposition (SVD) and Cartesian-polar transformation (CPT) is presented in [4]. In this work, our focus is on energy efficiency in watermark generation using LVTTL IO Standards. Based on primitive watermark sequence and secret keys, this WMG creates secure watermark for each and every video frame. The watermarking algorithm in [5] is using advantages of both “detectable” and “readable” watermarks. The result in [5] is a multimedia application which insert readable multibit watermarks into digital images. In 2007, [6] proposed a robust and simple scheme that used two watermark images. However, it had an ambiguity problem that the holder can claim ownership of the others copyright holder’s images. [7] Solves the problem of scheme in [6] by using the position property of the original image. Energy efficiency is not a primary concern for watermarking whereas the watermark is originally used to identify the copyright holder and ensure proper payment of royalties [8, 9, 11, and 12] Fig. 2. Schematic of WMG ICTC 2014 1570005599 1 642 978-1-4799-6786-5/14/$31.00 ©2014 IEEE ICTC 2014