Estimation of the emissions by transport in two port cities of the northeastern Mediterranean, Greece * K.M. Fameli a, * , A.M. Kotrikla b , C. Psanis c , G. Biskos d, e , A. Polydoropoulou b a Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, V.Pavlou and I. Metaxa str.,152 36 Athens, Greece b Department of Shipping, Transport and Trade, University of the Aegean, Chios, 82100 Greece c Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, 81100 Greece d Energy Environment and Water Research Centre, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, 2121, Cyprus e Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628CN, the Netherlands article info Article history: Received 20 March 2019 Received in revised form 7 November 2019 Accepted 8 November 2019 Available online xxx Keywords: Port cities Road emissions Navigation Greece abstract Air pollution is one of the most important branches of environmental science as it affects human health, climate and ecosystems. Emissions of air pollutants from transport (vehicles and ships) in port cities strongly affect air quality at local scales, warranting for a combination of theoretical and experimental studies to identify pollution hotspots. The purpose of this paper is to provide a methodology for developing a hybrid emission inventory from transport sector for two port cities located respectively on the Northern Aegean islands of Chios and Lesvos. Emission inventories were constructed for the year 2014 based on top-down and bottom-up approaches. Official data from local authorities and survey results were used for the calculation of emissions. Traffic emissions were spatially allocated to the road network based on population data and hourly traffic counts, and distributed over time (on an hourly basis) with the use of local temporal coefficients. Regarding carbon monoxide road emissions, the highest quantities are mainly emitted by Passenger Cars (43%,32% in Chios and Lesvos respectively) while for PM 10 emissions, trucks have the largest share (66% in Chios and 86% in Lesvos). The pollutants that are emitted in greater quantities from the ships at the ports of Mytilene and Chios are NO x , followed by SO 2 and CO. Most of the ship emissions in the ports occur by the ships at berth, as they remain berthed for hours whereas maneuvering lasts 15e20 min. As for the daily contribution of the two transport sources to the pollution profile of Mytilene, road emissions are higher for almost all pollutants. However, the contribution of ship emissions is not negligible, especially during the touristic period when marine traffic increases and emissions close to the port area become more important than those from road transport. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction According to the World Health Organization report “Air pollu- tion represents the biggest environmental risk to health. In 2012, one out of every nine deaths was the result of air pollution-related conditions” (WHO, 2016). Consequently, air pollution is one of the most studied fields due to the fact that pollutants concentrations levels affect people’s everyday activities, climate (Chapman, 2007) and ecosystems (Guerreiro et al., 2014). Emissions from transport can strongly affect air quality (Contini et al., 2011 , 2015; Zhang et al., 2017; Mousavi et al., 2018), warranting both the theoretical, via the development of emissions inventories (EI) and numerical simula- tions, and experimental, via in situ measurements, assessments that will help design appropriate mitigation strategies. Vehicles are a major source of NOx, which consequently con- tributes to ozone formation in urban areas under cloud-free con- ditions. At the same time, vehicles are the dominant sources of CO and Particulate Matter (PM) (Pant and Harrison, 2013). Additionally, in port-cities a considerable amount of atmo- spheric pollution results from the maneuvering and berthing of ships (Monteiro et al., 2018; Murena et al., 2018). The main gaseous pollutant emitted by ships is SO 2 (Romagnoli et al., 2017), because of the high sulphur content of marine bunkers, while CO and PM emissions are also high as a result of incomplete combustion of the low quality marine fuels. Gaseous oxides of sulphur produced * This paper has been recommended for acceptance by Eddy Y. Zeng. * Corresponding author. E-mail address: kmfameli@noa.gr (K.M. Fameli). Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Environmental Pollution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/envpol https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113598 0269-7491/© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Environmental Pollution xxx (xxxx) xxx Please cite this article as: Fameli, K.M et al., Estimation of the emissions by transport in two port cities of the northeastern Mediterranean, Greece, Environmental Pollution, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113598