TRUTH RELATIVISTS CAN’T TRUMP
MORAL PROGRESS
ANNALISA COLIVA
Università di Modena and Reggio Emilia and COGITO Research Centre in Philosophy
SEBASTIANO MORUZZI
Università di Bologna and COGITO Research Centre in Philosophy
In this paper, we raise a new challenge for truth-relativism, when applied to
moral discourse.
1
In §1, we set out the main tenets of this doctrine; in §2, we
canvass two broad forms a relativist project can take: Descriptive Relativism
and Revisionary Relativism; in §3, we briefly consider the prospects of the
combination of truth-relativism with either project when dealing with disagree-
ment arising in the relevant areas of discourse. We claim that truth-relativism
faces what we dub “the Lost Disagreement Problem,” while leaving its final
assessment for another occasion. In §4, we show how there is another—so far
unnoticed—challenge truth-relativists must face when dealing with disputes
about morals: we call it “the Progress Problem.” In §5, we show how a recent
notion proposed in connection with truth-relativism and the problem of future
contingents, namely the idea of trumping, can help relativists make sense of
such a problem. Yet, we conclude, in §6, that the appeal to trumping in fact
forces a dilemma onto truth-relativists engaged in either a Descriptive or a
Revisionary project.
§1 The Relativity Thesis
It is well known that relativism comes in many forms. The one that, in recent
years, has gained center stage is truth-relativism.
2
The basic idea of truth-
relativism is that exemplifications of the truth-property
3
can change when
different perspectives are adopted.
4
Of course, a lot would need to be said
about the bearers of the truth-property and about the notion of a perspective
in order to get a clearer grip on the doctrine. For the purposes of this paper,
however, it will suffice to say that propositions are the bearers of the truth-
1. It would be an extremely interesting issue, to be pursued in another paper though, whether the
challenge we raise for truth-relativism as applied to morals can be extended to truth-relativism
when applied to other areas of discourse, such as for instance epistemic discourse.
2. Egan et al. (2005), Kölbel (2002, 2003, 2009), Lasersohn (2005), and MacFarlane (2003, 2005a,
2005b, 2007, 2008, forthcoming) are prominent examples of recent truth-relativists.
3. It is an interesting and complex question, which, alas, we will have to leave to another occasion,
whether a truth-relativist can allow for a deflationary conception of truth.
4. This characterization of relativism is neutral between two forms of context-dependence:
so-called “non-indexical contextualism,” according to which two utterances can express the
same content in the same world though having different truth-values, and the more radical form
of relativism, according to which one and the same utterance can take different truth-values in
relation to two different contexts in which it is assessed (see MacFarlane 2009).
Analytic Philosophy Vol. 53 No. 1 March 2012 pp. 48–57
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Analytic Philosophy Vol. 53 No. 1
© 2012 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.