24 Article Info Article history Received 2 February 2021 Revised 5 March 2021 Accepted 7 March 2021 Published Online 30 March 2021 Keywords Magnetic nanoparticles Bone regeneration Bone repair Stem cells Bone tissue engineering Review article: Open access Advancement of magnetic nanoparticles in bone tissue engineering: A review A. Ramya  , Paramita Das, Kuntal Das, Anjali Nayak, Anmol Gazmer, Rashu Raju and R. Tejashwini Department of Pharmacy, Krupanidhi College of Pharmacy, Chikkabellandur, Carmelaram Post, Varthur Hobli, Bangalore-560035, KA, India Abstract Novel strategies that uses magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and that is how magnetic fields are designed to increase the efficiency of bone tissue repair. The current growth in the field of magnetic field based strategies to improve the cells, scaffolds, growth factor and gene deliveries are illustrated. The magnetic field has been proved to increase the bone tissue renovation by acting on the cell metabolites. Magnetic nanoparticles are used as biomaterials because of their unique magnetic properties and good biocompatibility. Once the magnetic particles are subjected to an external magnetic field, they will be fastly magnetized. Through endocytosis, MNPs enters the cell and affects the physiological function of the cell very easily. The magnetic nanoparticles and the magnetic field works together to increase the efficacy of their bone tissue renovation and bone regeneration. Magnetic nanoparticles and scaffolds with magnetic fields and stem cells in orthotic treatments with substantially enhanced bone repair and regeneration efficiency are used. Copyright © 2021 Ukaaz Publications. All rights reserved. Email: ukaaz@yahoo.com; Website: www.ukaazpublications.com Corresponding author: Ms. A. Ramya Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Krupanidhi College of Pharmacy, Chikkabellandur, Carmelaram Post, Varthur Hobli, Bangalore-560035, KA, India E-mail: ramyareddy2409@yahoo.com Tel.: +91-8197950553 1. Introduction Bone is a natural convoluted organ composed of organic and inorganic components. The main constituent of the inorganic material is crystalline hydroxyapatite and the organic material is fibrous collagen. Bone has the ability to self- regenerate and self-reconvulate. But in some cases like bone deformity that is usually caused by the external injury or due to the bone disorders, cancers, and also because of the abnormal bone generation, the self-repairing ability of the bone will be lost. It is essential to resort the medical substances including homologous bone tissue, allogeneic bone tissue and bone tissue substitutes (Loi et al., 2016). Either methods is used for the regeneration of local bone tissue. Repair of bone due to the mentioned factors is a large process which involves the bone regeneration, reconstitution of bone outgrowth and nonunion, that includes the structural and functional reconstitution of bones. Physical substances such as the tensile and compressive stresses, fluid shear stresses and heat, are known to be able to significantly trigger the bone regeneration and fracture-healing are included. (Daoyang et al., 2020). Materials such as autografts, allografts, xenografts, and synthetic bone materials are used for bone fracture repair. Amonst, autografts are most commonly used and are termed as “gold standard” in bone tissue repair but, it is limited as it causes injury and some complica- tions. The use of allografts and xenografts may trigger the immune rejection; though the bone fracture repair may not require any supportive materials other than implants, bone defects or large tissue voids requires materials as supporters (Xu et al., 2014). Due to this, a various synthetic bone materials are developed and showed great bone tissue repair. Factors such as external stimulations including stress stimulation, chemical stimulation, biological factor stimulation, magnetic field, electric field, etc., are the conditions required for consideration. 10% Water Bone Organic material Inorganic material Crystalline hydroxyapatite Fibrous collagen Figure 1: Composition of bone, it consists of organic and inorganic materials (Pawan Kumar et al ., 2020). The magnetic field has proven to increase the repair of bone tissue by acting on the cell metabolic behavior. In recent researches, iron is mostly used as usual material with its para-magnetism. The unpaired electrons of the outer layer spin to make the atom to maintain some magnetic moment. This atomic magnetic moment is aligned along the magnetic field by the effect of an external magnetic field, showing a weak magnetic force. These substances are called paramagnetic substances (Oh et al ., 2011). Ferromagnetic substances have the atomic magnetic moments composed of the unpaired spin electrons. In the absence of magnetic field, the atomic magnetic moments are arranged, shows strong magnetism outside. It contains little amount of paramagnetic iron, thereby the bone is Journal of Phytonanotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences 1(1): 24-31, 2021 http://jpps.ukaazpublications.com DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/jpps.2021.1.1.6 Journal of Phytonanotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences